学术综合英语课件2.ppt

1、涯漱怂抡掠步趾隧抱仲磺送姨外肺和茵厂沙咙馋玛宝米悯疗沃灼檀刀剃葵学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Unit 2 Reading and WritingSection A:Energy in TransitionThe era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end.A The era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end.A transition to transition to more expensive but les

2、s polluting sources must now be managed.more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.John P.Holdren耙隧量屑眼矣嚼丰容隅妊矢鬼渍婚购乱舔钓墒址俯什士滞曼宏叫疑勤即抓学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Cultural BackgroundJohn P.Holdren is Teresa and John Heinz Professor is Teresa and John Heinz Professor of of Environmental PolicyEnvi

3、ronmental Policy and Director of the Program and Director of the Program on on Science,Technology,and Public PolicyScience,Technology,and Public Policy at the at the Kennedy School,as well as Professor of Environmental Kennedy School,as well as Professor of Environmental Science and Public Policy in

4、 the Department of Earth Science and Public Policy in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University.and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University.His work focused on causes and consequences of global His work focused on causes and consequences of global environmental change,ana

5、lysis of energy technologies environmental change,analysis of energy technologies and policies,ways to reduce the dangers from nuclear and policies,ways to reduce the dangers from nuclear weapons and materials,and the interaction of content weapons and materials,and the interaction of content and pr

6、ocess in science and technology policy.and process in science and technology policy.孔愁染沏浊夏贾钎多深脊搬反扳激寸拱酞达梯早纂做富矣罗潜同婆善捡葵学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Preparing to ReadHow do you depend on energy services in your life?How does energy use cause environmental damage?What is the impact of current energy supply crisis?W

7、hy have the costs of energy use been rising?How can energy be used to benefit society while reducing its cost?Refer to the introduction and questions on page 39,and oral practice on page 50.激淡椅湛铸幼化说颁殃翘锭磷匿肪涧劲批学烂乾速函讶巳孔摆筐姚碳侄缔学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Study of the Text1.Introduction(Paragraph1-5)What are the tw

8、o-sided connection between energy and human well-being?Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing consumer services,but the two problems of energy use are:money and resources devoted to energy exploitation,and its negative environmental and sociopolitical costs.Exx.Exx.TranslationTrans

9、lation,page 49,page 491.能源利用应有助于促进全球可持续发展，以便更好地服务于能源利用应有助于促进全球可持续发展，以便更好地服务于人类的长远利益。人类的长远利益。(contribute to)Energy use should benefit global sustainability so that it can contribute to long-term human well-being.深腹涉岿纪匪沃谢酮伴澡茬舍宠粳烂抓质兆销八灰柳布喝岂该腕翁声绍遣学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Study of the TextHow did the trend of e

10、nergy use change after 1970s and How did the trend of energy use change after 1970s and 1990s?What are the variety of energy resources?1990s?What are the variety of energy resources?Before 1970sBefore 1970s,relegation of environmental and,relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secon

11、dary status:sociopolitical costs to secondary status:Inadequacy of energy resources.has meant insufficient.Inadequacy of energy resources.has meant insufficient.The crucial questionThe crucial question beginning 1990s beginning 1990s:Population:Population growth and growth in per capita demand of en

12、ergy forms growth and growth in per capita demand of energy forms entailed entailed the use of dirty coal as well as the use of dirty coal as well as clean.clean.(Paragraph3)Even if a few more giant oil fields Even if a few more giant oil fields.,they will make little,they will make little differenc

13、e against consumption on todays scaledifference against consumption on todays scale.They cannot solve the present problems of insufficient They cannot solve the present problems of insufficient energy supply for large-scale consumption.energy supply for large-scale consumption.察洛嚷疆姬翁糜尖入涅圃钝缉送逐寂要论铝缩睬女

14、群赖跌今弟纫娠姥鼠吠学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Study of the TextWhy is expensive energy a permanent condition?Why is expensive energy a permanent condition?No other energy resources has very good prospects for No other energy resources has very good prospects for delivering large quantities of electricity at costs del

15、ivering large quantities of electricity at costs comparable parable to.(Paragraph5)2.同学们观察到：杀虫剂的毒性测试同学们观察到：杀虫剂的毒性测试类似于类似于化妆品的毒性试验。化妆品的毒性试验。The students perceived that the toxicity testing of an insecticide is on a par with that of a cosmetic.3.这份报告描绘了很多看来可行的目标，其中至少有一项应在数这份报告描绘了很多看来可行的目标，其中至少有一项应在数年内

16、得以实现。年内得以实现。(plausible)This presentation describes a large set of plausible goals,at least one of which should be achieved within years.温悄炽购促盈埃挨送剑乃憾螟踪员共甫扛剩瞪衰鸵翁嫩心殉疟志趁园唾谨学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Study of the Text4.当今的许多研究项目当今的许多研究项目需要需要同企业密切合作，以推进人才流动和同企业密切合作，以推进人才流动和观点交流。观点交流。(entail)Much of the current res

17、earch entails close collaboration with industry,which leads to a profitable exchange of personnel and ideas.5.即使是景点的服务和饭菜非常一般，都没有使游人的即使是景点的服务和饭菜非常一般，都没有使游人的兴趣减退。（兴趣减退。（mediocre，detract）Even the very mediocre services and food at the beauty spot did not detract from the enjoyment of the tourists.turn

18、 to:seek or appeal help from.He turned to his mother for advice.traverse:Volunteers traversed the field looking for dues.踞怔设具锦继替垄缆性饯嗓肠督贷酞填定耪爪鞍肄蚁嚷郁湍响抢滨易圈拍学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Study of the Text2.Body:(Paragraph6-12)What are the two basic types of environmental costs man has to pay for energy use?External

19、 costs are those imposed by environmental disruptions on society but not reflected in the monetary accounts;Internalized costs are increases in monetary costs imposed by measures to reduce the external costs.What are the two reasons why both types of environmental costs have been rising?The declinin

20、g quality of resources to which society must now turn.(Paragraph7)turn to:seek or appeal help from.范误瞧灭剧疟服焚蚂蓝咐减诡避唐蛮赏论湾涡栗哎浩顶谈奠式恶择砷攫谍学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Study of the TextWhat are the uninternalized environmental costs?What are the uninternalized environmental costs?Those of greatest concern are the risk

21、 of death or disease Those of greatest concern are the risk of death or disease as a result of as a result of emissions or accidents at energy facilities emissions or accidents at energy facilities and the impact of energy suppliedand the impact of energy supplied on the global on the global ecosyst

22、em and on international relations.ecosystem and on international relations.(Paragraph8)Why is it difficult toWhy is it difficult to pin down pin down the impacts on public the impacts on public health and safety?health and safety?A consensus on the number of deaths caused by exposure A consensus on

23、the number of deaths caused by exposure to air pollution from fossil fuels has proved impossible.to air pollution from fossil fuels has proved impossible.Widely differing estimates result from different Widely differing estimates result from different assumptions about.assumptions about.(Paragraph9)

24、Siting:position of something毁柒胖义宾丫焦神数账恨豢稼梭场嫡危芜烟沫科捂灭胚戈茨葬誊级亏引桑学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Study of the TextLarge uncertainties also apply to the health and safety of nuclear fission.(Paragraph 10)Various opinions exist in terms of the exact threats of.In this case,differing estimates result in part from differn

25、ces among.,in part from.and in part from.The biggest uncertainties,however,relate to.Often neglected is the public health menace from traditional fuels widely used for cooking and water heating in the developing world.(Paragraph 12)operational:in proper working order and able to be used.saturation:m

26、aximum absorption.fission:breaking up,splitting of atomic nucleas into smaller parts.喂平谬按码豺釉淹长示予狮棘沮糙呵捂状坏抖熙垣瑞舞亏扬伎怠任茁善叼学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Study of the TextA disproportionate share of this burden is borne,moreover,by women and small children.A fairly large part of this burden is carried by.The ecologica

27、l threats posed by energy supply are even harder to quantify under the combination of two circumstances.(Paragraph 13)First,civilization depends heavily on services provided by ecological and geophysical processes,which cannot be replaced by technology.Second,human activities are now clearly capable

28、 of disrupting globally the processes.The environmental transition/change of the past 100 years has amounted to the emergence of civilization as a global ecological and geochemical force.呸串欺否疑毗延峦举腐紊呈赛褥闺让围躯挖烽忘煮檄定耙埃伏唱妻刨澳骚学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Study of the Text3.Conclusion:(Paragraph13-16)What are the two

29、circumstances of ecological threats posed by energy supply?First,civilization depends heavily on services provied by nature.Second,human activities are capable of disrupting the global processes that provide these services.The most threatening and intractable impact on social politics is:global clim

30、ate change,the devastating impact of which the devastating impact of which can only be matched by.can only be matched by.驯归窒顽朗离碌饰幸镶现冯滋扩匙吐锦辟耘匆瞎孺呕衫驻舷区还浊贤齿曙学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Study of the TextThe only other external cost that might match the devastating impact of global climate change is the risk of lar

31、ge-scale military conflict,which is caused by conflict over access to petroleum resources,and the link between nuclear energy and the spread of nuclear weapons.Video clip:Since time beyond memory,humans have altered the earth.Today these practices represent the collective activity of a staggering 6

32、billion people.Is it any wonder that species and habitats all over the planet are disappearing?帅抡阀乔栏砸质广学触细吻汝韧绒怜请蔽穴恩屡沉辫颊阀散袍笔讥制芦戌学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Key to Translation B Page 48能源和人类利益有着双重关系。在漫长的人类能源和人类利益有着双重关系。在漫长的人类历史上，由于利用能源成本低廉，人类主要关历史上，由于利用能源成本低廉，人类主要关注能源的有利方面。注能源的有利方面。然而，过去一百年以来人口以空前速度增长，然而，过去一百年以

33、来人口以空前速度增长，同时，人均工业能源需求也急剧增长，能源的同时，人均工业能源需求也急剧增长，能源的外延和内涵成本越来越高。外延和内涵成本越来越高。一方面，能源资源急速减少，能源产出所需要一方面，能源资源急速减少，能源产出所需要的投入越来越高；的投入越来越高；另一方面，外延成本更加令人担忧，因为能源另一方面，外延成本更加令人担忧，因为能源使用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断破坏全球使用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突。生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突。戌瞻块娱圆瞧肚筐氓挥比赛唾蛾佃侣抢呕旬度否陈陛霍诗匀泄团碟离仟砂学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Key

34、 to Translation D Page 50It is difficult to It is difficult to quantify quantify the total contribution of all the total contribution of all these factors to the monetary costs of energy supply,these factors to the monetary costs of energy supply,in in part because part because factors not related t

35、o the environment factors not related to the environment are often entwined with environmental ones.are often entwined with environmental ones.For example,construction delays have been caused For example,construction delays have been caused not just by regulatory constraints but also by not just by

36、regulatory constraints but also by problems of engineering,management and quality problems of engineering,management and quality control.control.Nevertheless,in the US,environmental impacts have Nevertheless,in the US,environmental impacts have increased the monetary costs of supplying petroleum inc

37、reased the monetary costs of supplying petroleum products by at least 25 percent during the past 20 products by at least 25 percent during the past 20 years,and the costs of generating electricity from coal years,and the costs of generating electricity from coal and nuclear power by 40 percent or mo

38、re.and nuclear power by 40 percent or more.偷酗营袄因桨焦诈交储眩趴犬掉棠雪给阮咽爸簇批哉搀翱戮棕尖宋瑰脂认学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Section B Energy for Planet Earth1.Introduction to the problem(Paragraph1-3)1.Introduction to the problem(Paragraph1-3)What is the relationship between energy use and What is the relationship between energy

39、use and environment?(Paragraph2)environment?(Paragraph2)Before industrial societyBefore industrial society,energy needs were limited,energy needs were limited to cooking and heating,and energy could be to cooking and heating,and energy could be exploited without serious disruption.exploited without

40、serious disruption.In modern societyIn modern society,energy use has become a,energy use has become a potentially destructive force,amplified by a fast-potentially destructive force,amplified by a fast-growing population.growing population.Refer to Reading Comprehension Exercises on Refer to Reading

41、 Comprehension Exercises on page 57.page 57.备制色呼河愿秘坤澈悠匝簇洒盗富三抓赃冗辊仓彼台俯巢舌勾且得香嘱数学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件22.Causes of the energy problem(Paragraph4-7)(Paragraph4-7)Most energy resources on earth is derived from the sun:fossil fuels,biomass,wind and radiation;or to processes of cosmic evolution,from lunar motion

42、 and from the earths core.(Paragraph5)(Paragraph5)Only a very small share of solar ration,which powers photosynthesis,can be exploited by human society.(Paragraph6)(Paragraph6)Man depends heavily on energy services:formation of fossil feuls,basic human needs,hallmarks of modern society,and various i

43、ndustrial processes.(Paragraph7)(Paragraph7)赠荷淑辽饼搅罗佑胎海声烷门母右园应砰嘘揽蔚晒佣蚕酶傍赊近赶旨共判学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件23.Solution:How to balance economic growth and environmentWarming will bring about some benefits in individual Warming will bring about some benefits in individual areas:areas:(Paragraph9)(Paragraph9)Two pos

44、sible routes to the future:Two possible routes to the future:The consensus view rests on the continuation of The consensus view rests on the continuation of present trends of energy use,which could come at a present trends of energy use,which could come at a great cost.great cost.The sustainable wor

45、ld view holds that public policy The sustainable world view holds that public policy must be adaptive and anticipatory.must be adaptive and anticipatory.(Paragraph11)(Paragraph11)All governments strive to provice its people with an All governments strive to provice its people with an adequate,safe,e

46、conomic and equitable supply.adequate,safe,economic and equitable supply.(Paragraph 14)(Paragraph 14)舶寥传眺声喝纪痈舰污宁鸥讨凭循持虱稿宪棵农烩盔叔茹值厉爪沙淘徘诚学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2How to Write an Academic Paper Four main stages:prewriting,planning,data collection and organization,and writing and revising the final copy.(Page 60

47、)(Page 60)Stage 1 Prewriting:determine what youll write about,Stage 2 Planning:to organize the ideas generated by brainstorming into an outline,develop this list into topic sentences for each paragraph.Stage 3 Data collection and organization:to collect information in various forms data,statistics,q

48、uotations and so on Stage 4:Writing and revising the final copy 砚伪函骡善成孙谊燥爽扼垫诞匙燥勋阻砚断绿构牵颜眷靳摄厅近泞爆搀响学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Some important points to keep in mind:1)The language 1)The language should be clear,concise and academic;should be clear,concise and academic;2)the ideas should 2)the ideas should be coh

49、erent and substantially supported;be coherent and substantially supported;3)the organization should be logical.3)the organization should be logical.The linguistic styleThe linguistic styleEffective academic papers are written in formal English.(al English.(无缩写、无口无缩写、无口语、无第一人称、句式多样语、无第一人称、句式多样)The fo

50、rmatThe format A complete academic paper often includes three necessary parts:the the abstractabstract,the articlethe article,and the bibliography the bibliography.泣刘庄惹径喻滑宰位裹番浚买蛋铝棵玛吗低邪椒轿城松乘疥伸人乔连笆眨学术综合英语课件2学术综合英语课件2Examples of academic writingmelatonin:a hormone derived from serotonin serotonin:neuro