1、 The Three Gorges ProjectsFirst. The dam site and basic pivot disposal The Three Gorges Projects is select to be fixed on San Dou Ping in Yichang, located in about 40 kilometers of the upper reaches of key water control project of Ge Zhou Ba which was built. River valley, district of dam site, is wi
2、den, slope, the two sidesof the bank is relatively gentlely. In the central plains have one island (island, fort of China,), possess the good phased construction water conservancy diversion condition. The foundation of pivot building is the hard and intact body of granite. Have built Yichang and gon
3、e to stride bridge that place of 4 kilometers in the about 28 -km-long special-purpose expressway of building site and dam low reaches -West Yangtze Bridge of imperial tomb. Have also built the quay of district of a batch of dams. The dam district possesses the good traffic condition.Two. Important
4、water conservancy project buildings1. dam The dam is a concrete gravity dam, which is 2309 meters long, its height is 185 meters , the dam is 181 meters high the most. Release floodwater dam section lie riverbed, 483 of the total length, consist of 22 form hole and 23 release floodwater in the deep
5、hole, among them deep hole is imported 90 meters , the mouth size of hole is 7*9 meters; Form hole mouth is 8 meter wide, overflow weir is 158 meters, form hole and deep hole adopt nose bank choose, flow way go on and can disappear. Dam section lies in and releases floodwater on a section of both si
6、des of the dam in the hydropower station, there are hydropower stations that enter water mouth. Enter water mouth baseplate height 108 meters. Pressure input water pipeline for carry person who in charge of, interior diameter 12.40, adopt the armored concrete to receive the strength structure. Make
7、and let out flow of 102500 cubic meters per second the most largely in the dam site while checking the flood.2. power stations The power stations adopt the type after the dam to assign the scheme, consist of two groups of factory buildings on left, right and underground factory building altogether.
8、Install 32 sets of hydroelectric generating set together, 14 factory buildings of left bank among them, 12 factory buildings of right bank, 6 underground factory buildings. The hydraulic turbine, in order to mix the flowing type, the specified capacity of the unit of the unit is 700,000 kilowatts.3.
9、 open up to navigation building The open up to navigation buildings include permanent lock and ship lift (of the the technological public relations, the steel cable that plans to be replaced with spiral pole technology in the original plan promotes technology), lie in the left bank. Permanent lock d
10、ouble-line five continuous chain of locks. Single grades of floodgate room effective size for 280*34*5, can pass the 10,000 ton-class fleet. The promoting type for single track first grade vertically of the ship lift is designed, it is 120*18*3.5 meters to bear the effective size of design of railwa
11、y carriage or compartment of ship, can pass a combination vessel of 3000 tons once. Total weight is 11800 tons to bear the design of railway carriage or compartment of ship when operating, it is 6000 newtons to always promote strength.Three. The major project amount and arranges in time limit The su
12、bject building of the project and major project amount of the water conservancy diversion project are: Excavate 102,830,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, fill out and build 31,980,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, concrete builds 27,940,000 cubic meters, 463,000 t
13、ons of reinforcing bars, make and fit 32 with hydroelectric generating set. All project construction tasks were divided into three stages and finished, all time limit was 17 years. The first stage (1993-1997 year) is preparation of construction and the first stage of the project, it takes 5 years to
14、 construct, regard realizing damming in the great river as the sign. The second stage (1998-2003 year) is the second stage, it takes 6 years to construct, lock as initial conservation storage of the reservoir, the first batch of aircrews generate electricity and is open up to navigation with the per
15、manent lock as. The third stage (2004-2009 year) is the third stage of the project, it takes 6 years to construct, regard realizing the sign all aircrews generate electricity and finish building with all of multi-purpose project as. One, two project finish as scheduled already, the third stage of th
16、e project in inside the plan to construct too, ship lift tackle key problems of not going on intensely.Four. Enormous benefit of the Three Gorges ProjectsThe Three Gorges Projects is the greatest water control project in China ,also in the world , it is the key project in controlling and developing
17、the Changjiang River. The normal water storage level of the Three Gorges Projects reservoir is 175 meters, installed capacity is 39,300 million cubic meters; The total length of the reservoir is more than 600 kilometers, width is 1.1 kilometers on average; The area of the reservoir is 1084 sq. km. I
18、t has enormous comprehensive benefits such as preventing flood, generating electricity, shipping,etc.1. prevent flood Primary goal of building the Three Gorges Projects is to prevent flood . The key water control project in Sanxia is the key project that the midstream and downstream of the Changjian
19、g River prevent flood in the system. Regulated and stored by the reservoir of Sanxia, form the capacity of reservoir in the upper reaches as river type reservoir of 39,300 million cubic meters, can regulate storage capacity and reach 22,150 million cubic meters, can intercept the flood came above of
20、 Yichang effectively, cut down flood crest flow greatly, make Jingjiang section prevent flood standard meet, improve from at present a about over ten years to once-in-a-hundred-year. Meet millennium first special great flood that meet, can cooperate with Jingjiang flood diversion partition applicati
21、on of flood storage project, the crushing calamity of preventing the occurrence of both sides of section of Jingjiang and bursting in the main dike, lighten midstream and downstream losing and flood threat to Wuhan of big flood, and can create conditions for administration of Dongting Hu district.2.
22、 generates electricityThe most direct economic benefits of the Three Gorges Projects is to generate electricity . Equilibrate the contradiction that contemporary China develops economic and serious energy shortage at a high speed, the hydroelectric resources that a clean one can be regenerated are u
23、ndoubtedly optimum choices. The total installed capacity of power station of Sanxia is 18,200,000 kilowatts, annual average generation is 84,680 million kilowatt hours. It will offer the reliable, cheap, clean regenerated energy for areas such as East China, Central China and South China of economic
24、 development, energy deficiency,etc.It play a great role in economic development and environmental pollution of reducing. Electric power resource that the Three Gorges Projects offers, if given a workforce of electricity generation by thermal power, mean building 10 more thermal power plants of 1,80
25、0,000 kilowatts, excavate more 50 million tons of raw coals every year on average. Besides environment of influencing of the waste residue, it will also discharge a large number of carbon dioxide which form the global greenhouse effects every year, cause the sulfur dioxide of acid rain, poisonous ga
26、s carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. At the same time, it will also produce a large amount of floating dust, dustfall,etc Thermal power plant and abandon dreg field extensive occupation of land seize more land from East China, Central China area that have a large population and a few land just orig
27、inally this. This not only makes China bear the pressure that greater environment brings in the future, cause unfavorable influence on the global environment too.3. shipping Sanxia reservoir improve Yichang go to Chongqing channel of the Changjiang River of 660 kilometers notably, the 10,000 ton-cla
28、ss fleet can go to the harbour of Chongqing directly. The channel can rise to 50 million tons from about 10 million tons at present through ability in one-way year, transporting the cost can be reduced by 35-37%. Unless until reservoir regulate, Yichang low water flows minimum seasons downstream,who
29、se name is can since at present 3000 cubic meters /second improve until 5000 cubic meters per above second, the shipping condition get greater improvement too to enable the Changjiang River in low water season of midstream and downstream.Five. The questions in building the Three Gorges Projects1. si
30、lt issue the Changjiang River Yichang Duan Nian amount of sand failed 530 million tons, silt the reservoir of Sanxia up. The reservoir blocks water level is 175 meters high, installed capacity is 39,300 million m3 normally,its die water level is 145 meters, the minimum capacity of a reservoir is 17,
31、200 million m3, storage capacity 22,100 million m3, the conservation storage regulates the capacity of reservoir 16,500 million m3. The operation scheme of the reservoir is: Limit height is 145 meters of water level, in flood season, meet flood adjust big under 56700 m3 per second, and power station
32、 smooth to let out through deep hole over 3 years, can reduce the sand of the reservoir to deposit. Great flood comes, the reservoir is adjusted bigly, still put and let out 56700 m3 per second; Deposit towards the reservoir after the flood. The reservoir begins conservation storage, between about t
33、wo months and normal water storage level 175 meters high in September. The water level of the storehouse is dropped to 155 meters high before the flood next year, utilize conservation storage to generate electricity. In 155 meters water level, can keep the river shipping of Sichuan. By flood season,
34、 the water level was dropped to 145 meters water level again, because the flow was large at that time, could keep the river shipping of Sichuan. This is a reservoir operation scheme of innovation.2. question that the slope comes down by the bank of reservoir areaThe question that the slope comes dow
35、n is through detailed geological survey by 2 reservoir area banks, there is several to come down potentially on water bank of Kuku of Sanxia, the big one can be up to millions of m3. But closest to dam site potential landslide, too far on 26 kilometers, such as happen, come down, shock wave that evo
36、ke get dam disappear, reduce 2-3 meters to to be high, it is safe not to influence the dam. In addition, if the slippery wave happens in the bank of the storehouse, because the reservoir is wide and deep, will not influence shipping.3. engineering question of the pivotThe pivot of Three Gorges is 18
37、5 meters high concrete gravity dam pivots and 18,200,000kW, the project amount is large, but all regular projects after all, our country has more experience. The stability problem of some foundation can meet the safe requirement through dealing with. 700,000kW hydroelectric generating set, imported
38、from foreign countries in the first batch, was made by oneself at home later. The more complicated one is lock of five grades of Line two, deep-cut in the rock bank, slope reaches 170 meters at the supreme side, the underpart floodgate room vertical 60 meters, high rock slope stability worries about
39、. But the meticulous research of engineer and constructors is designed, blown up and the anchor is firm and excavating, the rock slope is steady in a long-term. There is ship lift of 3000t passenger steamer, it is the biggest in the world, in course of designing and studying, and repair the test and
40、 use the ship lift first.4.ecological environment problemThe respect useful to ecological environment of the Three Gorges Projects is: Prevent and cure downstream land and cities and towns to flood, reduce the air pollution of electricity generation by thermal power, improve some climate, the reserv
41、oir can breed fish etc. The respect disadvantageous to ecology is: Flood more than 300,000 mu of cultivated land, ground of fruit is more than 200,000 mu, immigrants reach the highland by the storehouse, will destroy the ecological environment, the still water weakens the sewage self-purification ab
42、ility, worsen water quality, influence reproduction of the wild animal,etc. in the reservoir. So is both advantageous and disadvantageous, do not hinder building the Three Gorges Projects. Should reduce being unfavorable to minimum extent, it is mainly that reservoir immigrants want to plant trees a
43、nd grass, build the terraced fields, ecological environment protection, does not require the self-sufficiency of grain. Accomplish these, want making a great effort and fund. Control blowdown such as Chongqing, Fuling, Wan County, carry on sewage disposal, protect the water quality of the reservoir,
44、 protect the wild animal, set up the protection zone. Although ecological environment protection is difficult, must solve and can solve. As for the scenery of Sanxia, because the high near kilometer of rock bank, and Sanxia dam is only in fact higher than the river surface 110 meters. The scenery ba
45、sically remains unchanged, the high gorge produces Pinghu, increase even more beautifully.Six. Immigrants question in the reservoir areaThe reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 citi
46、es, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line there are 24,500 hectares of cultivated land in all; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,
47、596,000 square meters, total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation
48、of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people. The task is arduous, but must find a room for good immigrants, make its life improve to some extent, help immigrants to create the working condition, live plainly and struggle hard through 20 years, grow rich. Most immigrants retreat to the highland, it is n
49、onlocal that some immigrants get. The reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line own cultivated land (suck the ground of mandarin orange) 24,500 hectares in common; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of floodin
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