1、英文原版：Electronic Commerce Competitive Advantage And Prospects For Development GaoJing .Electronic business world，2009（03）As the human society soon entered in the 21st century, a great swell of world information swept into human society swiftly and violently. The information technology revolution beco
2、mes the modern science technological revolution the core and the mainstream, the information resource and the energy, the material becomes the national economy and the social development three grand strategy resources, who has the information resource, who has grasped the competition and the develop
3、ment initiative. Emerges vigorously the informationization tide, sped up the world industrial structure adjustment and the reorganization, urges the world economics to transform from the industry economy to the information economy, has the profound influence to human societys production method and t
4、he life style, is also changing the people tradition type of trading. Today, electronic commerce, specially based on Internet electronic commerce, because was reducing the expenses, to develop the market and so on various superiority to bring to more and more persons attentions. Electronic commerce
5、is refers to the computer and in the communication network foundation, realizes the commercial exchange and the commercial work activity entire process using the electronic tool. It has emerged since the early 90s, from services and so in-line shopping expanded to bank, securities business aspects a
6、nd so on operation, becomes one kind through the networking application, fast and carries on each kind of business dealing effectively the newest method. Some people estimated that to 2000, electronic commerce will become in the Internet application a most essential part. Electronic commerce not onl
7、y causes the commercial revolution, also has provided the new turning point for the information industries, to global scales economy, cultural even politics will have the profound influence.First, electronic commerce competitive advantage Electronic commerce has provided the global trade environment
8、 for the enterprise, has established the new commercial channel, raised the commercial activity level and the grade of service greatly. On enhancement enterprise competitive powers various links, it has the incomparable function: (one) electronic commerce can enhance the commercial activity efficien
9、cy electronic commerce to cause to limit production to market ability is more easy to do, the enterprise through the network demonstrated that own product, the service and the payment terms and so on, customer according to his need, issues the order form, the enterprise Production department basis n
10、etwork order information prompt arrangement or the adjustment scale of production and the variety, thus realizes the small batch, the multi-varieties, zero stock, the immediate manufacture and the delivery ideal pattern. Meanwhile may also reduce the artificial negligence, avoids loss which and wast
11、e possibly occurs. (two) electronic commerce can improve the work quality, expanded market electronic commerce to increase the customer and suppliers relation. The bilateral spaces barrier already vanished, the system network causes the customer and the supplier can understand the opposite party mos
12、t recent data, moreover may provide 365/7/24 pattern service, strengthens the market competition status. (three) electronic commerce may reduce the cost, is advantageous in enhances profit of enterprise to reduce the transaction cost, has saved the latent expenditure, if the email has saved the corr
13、espondence postage, the electron data exchange greatly has saved management and the personnel links expenses. In addition, electronic commerce may optimize the enterprise to supply the chain. Reduces the supply cost. Statistics indicated that under the traditional commerce pattern, the commodity app
14、roximately composes the private costs from ordering to the selling processs in physical distribution expense 18%20%, after the partial enterprises use the electronic commerce optimization supply chain, reduces 10%12% this expense proportion. Second, overseas electronic commerce prospects for develop
15、ment In overseas Internet and the Web developments early stage, electronic commerce already appeared. For these years, along with in-ternet high speed development and relevant technologys day-by-day consummation, various countries government took electronics trades development in our country informa
16、tion infrastructural facilities the important work, intended to through the network construction and the application, won the market superiority, developed the global trade. For example: The US government continuously close attention electronics trade technologys development, and has established the
17、 US Business association in the Silicon Valley; European Union in 1995 proposed constructs Europe information society the plan; The Japanese government invested 320,000,000 US dollar impetus electronics trade in 1996 the master plan; The APEC subordinates telecommunication work team has begun at pre
18、sent also to carry out every year two time electronic commerce impetus deliberation plan. The report which according to April, 1998 US Department of commercial affairs announced - - Rose Digital Economy the statistics, at the end of 1997 US and the Canadian on-line shopping population increased a ha
19、lf year ago 470,000 people to 1,000,000 people, the electronic commerce transaction income by every 100 day of 1 time of speed growth, to 2002, the US and Canada electronic commerce transaction income will achieve 3 100,000,000 US dollars; According to the IDC (IDC) forecast that to 2001, the Wester
20、n Europe on-line transactions profit might increase from last years 100,000,000 US dollars to 3,000,000,000 US dollars. The electronic commerce broad prospects for development also cause each big computer manufacturer to step in this domain in abundance, like Microsoft, Sun, HP and so on one after a
21、nother have promoted the safe electronic commerce solution. in June, 1997, two big credit cards organized Visa and the MasterCard unit exploitation security electron transaction (SET) the agreement promoted the electronic commerce development. Simultaneously many famous software companies already in
22、vested into the electronic commerce related support SET agreement software development. electronic commerce technology although now is also at the start stage, but Internet on-line already had many success application example, perhaps most influential is known as the world biggest bookstores on-line
23、 hypothesized bookstore supermarket - - Amazon Bookstore (忽略此处). Besides more convenient, accesses the net this bookstore supermarket person not to be able to feel that it with has differently what to genuine bookstore purchase books. Moreover, but also has the Electronic bank, the electron to go, t
24、he electronic authentication, the electronic information consultation and so on. Third, China electronic commerce prospects for development Electronic commerce is application domain union and so on enterprise informationization and financial informationization inevitable products. The developing cou
25、ntry must speed up the construction electronic commerce the speed, specially looked like China like this already to advance into the world trade 10 strong developing countries, if did not speed up the electronic commerce advancement, will not participate in the electronic commerce rule the formulati
26、on, the national benefit will suffer injury. At present, Chinese society various domains and so on professions economy, trade, finance already realized particularly to the informationization advancements urgency, starts to take the measure, enlarges the manpower financial resource the investment, ha
27、s created the good market condition for electronic commerces development. However, must note is not very also high in the Chinese various trades and occupations informationization degree, in the information infrastructural facilities also quite weak foundation, the barrier which electronic commerces
28、 development must overcome mainly has: (does 1) regarding the electronic commerce activity, how formulate one to conform to the network characteristic and the prospects for development reasonable tax revenue system. Very obvious, the present tax revenue system does not conform to the electronic comm
29、erce and the online retail trades new characteristic, but if continues to carry out the old tax revenue system, then emerging electronic commerce will be unable to withstand the load inevitably. The US once passed Inter-net in October 21, 1998 to force 3 year tax holiday bill for this reason, simult
30、aneously stipulated that will assign a just related network tax revenue by a related electronic commerces Advisory commission in 18 months the plan. (2), if each country according to own trading mode operation electronic commerce, will be only able to carry on the domestic trade, but is impossible t
31、o realize the global electronic commerce. Therefore, must have a global standard and the rule, guarantees the electronic commerce the smooth implementation. (3) did business can avoid having the dispute, when had the dispute, how to solve? At present did not have one maturely, the unification law to
32、 carry on the arbitration. (4) intellectual property rights question in electronic commerce activity especially important. How to prevent the right infringement commodity or counterfeit the commodity the sale, also how attacks the abuse of authority is powerfully all quarters must consider. (5) elec
33、tronic commerce involves economic societys many aspects, various departments, how should various links coordinate to correspondingly solve. (6) entire society to electronic commerce understanding question. Only then solves these problems, can in the Chinese smoothly promotion and popular electronic
34、commerce. Electronic commerce in the development initial period, already had demonstrated the very strong vitality. China must comply with this tendency, takes seriously take the electronics trade as the characteristic type of trading transformation, enlarges the government to support dynamics, form
35、ulates Chinas electronics trade development strategy promptly, realizes China take the information technology industry as the forerunner, leads professions and so on commodity production, circulation, capital, technology, service to achieve a quicker development. At present, the Control section, the
36、 bank, the business, the customer to reach the mutual recognition and the tacit understanding to the electronic commerce, along with the Chinese network construction in the coverage and the quality unceasing enhancement, surfer expenses unceasing reduction, related policies and regulations formulati
37、on releasing one after another, China electronic commerce will have a bigger development.中文翻译：电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景 在人类社会即将进入21世纪之时，一场席卷全球的信息浪潮迅猛而来。信息技术革命成为现代科学技术革命的核心和主流，信息资源与能源、材料成为国民经济和社会发展的三大战略资源，谁拥有信息资源，谁就掌握了竞争和发展的主动权。蓬勃兴起的信息化浪潮，加快了世界产业结构的调整与重组，促使世界经济从工业经济向信息经济转变，正在对人类社会的生产方式和生活方式产生深刻的影响，也正在改变着人们传统的贸易
38、方式。今天，电子商务，特别是基于Internet的电子商务，由于在降低开销、开拓市场等多方面的优势而引起了越来越多的人的注意。电子商务是指在计算机与通信网络基础上，利用电子工具实现商业交换和商业作业活动的全过程。它从90年代初期兴起以来，已从网上购物等业务扩展到了银行、证券业的运营等方面，成为一种通过网络技术的应用，快速而有效地进行各种商业行为的最新方法。有人预计，到2000年，电子商务将成为Internet应用中最关键的一部分。电子商务不仅引起商业的革命，也为信息产业提供了新的契机，将对全球范围的经济、文化甚至政治产生深刻的影响。一、 电子商务的竞争优势电子商务为企业提供了全球性贸易环境，建
39、立了新型的商务通道，大大提高了商务活动的水平和服务质量。在增强企业竞争力的各环节上，它具有无可比拟的作用：(一)电子商务能提高商务活动的效率电子商务使以销定产更为简便易行，企业通过网络展示自己的产品、服务及付款条件等，客户各取所需，发出订单，企业生产部门根据网络订购信息及时安排或调整生产规模和品种，从而实现小批量、多品种、零库存、即时制造和交货的理想模式。与此同时还可以减少人为的疏忽，避免可能发生的损失和浪费。(二)电子商务能提高工作质量，扩大市场电子商务增加了客户和供货方的联系。双方空间的障碍已经消失，系统网络使得客户和供货方均能了解对方的最新数据，而且可以提供365/7/24模式服务，加强
40、市场竞争地位。(三)电子商务可降低成本，有利于提高企业利润降低交易成本，节省了潜在开支，如电子邮件节省了通信邮费，电子数据交换则大大节省了管理和人员环节的开销。此外，电子商务可以优化企业供应链。降低供应成本。据统计，在传统商务模式下，商品从订货到售出过程中的物流费用约占企业成本的18%20%，部分企业利用电子商务优化供应链后，将该费用比例降低到10%12%。二、国外电子商务的发展前景在国外Internet和Web发展的早期阶段，电子商务已经出现。这几年，随着Internet的高速发展和相应技术的日趋完善，各国政府都将电子贸易的发展作为本国信息基础设施建设中的重要工作，意在通过网络的建设和应用，
41、赢得市场优势，拓展全球贸易。如：美国政府一直密切关注电子贸易技术的发展，并在硅谷成立了美国商业协会；欧盟1995年就提出了建设欧洲信息社会的计划；日本政府则于1996年投入3.2亿美元推动电子贸易的全面计划；亚太经合组织下属的电信工作小组目前也已着手执行每年两次的电子商务推动研讨计划。据1998年4月美国商务部公布的报告崛起的数字经济统计，1997年底美国和加拿大在线购物人数从半年前的47万人增加到100万人，电子商务交易收入正以每100天1倍的速度增长，到2002年，美国和加拿大电子商务交易收入将达到3000亿美元；据国际数据公司（IDC）预测，到2001年，西欧网上交易的利润可由去年的1亿
42、美元增加到30亿美元。电子商务广阔的发展前景也使得各大计算机厂商纷纷涉足这一领域，如微软、Sun、HP等都相继推出了安全的电子商务解决方案。1997年6月，两大信用卡组织Visa和MasterCard联合开发的安全电子交易（SET）协议更促进了电子商务的发展。同时许多著名的软件公司已经投入到电子商务相关的支持SET协议的软件开发中。电子商务技术现在虽然还处于起步阶段，但Internet网上已经有了不少成功应用的例子，其中最有影响的也许就是号称全世界最大书店的网上虚拟书店超市亚马逊书店。除了更加方便外，上网去过这个书店超市的人感觉不出它与到真正的书店购书有何不同。另外，还有电子银行、电子外卖、电
43、子认证、电子信息咨询等。三、中国电子商务发展前景电子商务是企业信息化和金融信息化等应用领域结合的必然产物。发展中国家必须加快建设电子商务的速度，特别是像中国这样已经跻身世界贸易10强的发展中国家，若不加快电子商务进程，不参与电子商务规则的制定，国家的利益就会受损。目前，中国社会各行业尤其是经济、贸易、金融等领域已经认识到信息化进程的迫切性，开始采取措施，加大人力财力的投入，为电子商务的发展创造了良好的市场条件。然而，要注意到在中国各行各业信息化程度还不够高，在信息基础设施建设还比较薄弱的基础上，电子商务的发展还必须克服的障碍主要有：(1)对于电子商务活动，如何制定一个符合网络特点和发展前景的合
44、理的税收制度。很明显，现行的税收制度并不符合电子商务和在线零售业的新特点，而如果继续执行老的税收制度，那么新兴的电子商务势必不堪重负。美国为此就曾在1998年10月21日通过了一个Internet强制3年免税期法案，同时规定将由一个有关电子商务的顾问委员会在18个月内指定出一个公平合理的有关网络税收的方案。(2)如果各个国家按照自己的交易方式运作电子商务，将只能进行内贸，而不可能实现全球性的电子商务。所以，必须有一个全球性的标准和规则，以保证电子商务的顺利实施。(3)做生意就避免不了发生纠纷，当发生纠纷时，如何解决呢？目前还没有一个成熟的、统一的法律进行仲裁。(4)知识产权问题在电子商务活动中
45、尤为重要。如何防止侵权商品或仿冒商品的销售，又如何有力地打击侵权行为是各方必须考虑的。(5)电子商务涉及经济社会的诸多方面，各部门、各环节应如何相应配合必须解决。(6)全社会对电子商务的认识问题。只有解决好这些问题，才能在中国顺利地推广和普及电子商务。电子商务在发展初期，就已经显示了很强的生命力。中国必须顺应这一趋势，重视以电子贸易为特征的贸易方式的变革，加大政府支持力度，及时制定中国的电子贸易发展策略，实现中国以信息技术产业为先导，带动商品生产、流通、资本、技术、服务等行业达到更快的发展。目前，管理部门、银行、商家、客户对电子商务已取得共识和默契，随着中国网络建设在覆盖面和质量上的不断提高，上网费用的不断降低，相关政策法规的陆续制定出台，中国电子商务将有更大的发展。. .此处忽略！
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