初二下册英语语法归纳习题总复习题.doc

1、直接引语变间接引语一、如何变人称： 口诀：一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如： Shesaid.Mybrotherwantstogo shoppingwithme.”Shesaidherbrother wantedtogo shoppingwithher.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如： HesaidtoKate.Howisyours

2、isternow?” HeaskedKatehowhersisterwasthen。 “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如： MrSmithsaid, “Jackisagoodboy.”MrSmithsaidJackwasagoodboy. 二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。1) 一般现在时一般过去时态； She said: “ I am a student. ” She said (that) she was a student.2)一般将来时过去将来时 Shesaid, He

3、willgotoseehisfriend.”Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend。 Tom said, “ I am going to play basketball tomorrow.” Tom said he was going to play basketball tomorrow.3) 现在进行时过去进行时； She said ,“I am reading a book.”She said she was reading a book.注意：以下几种情况时态 不变直接引语是客观真理。 Theteacher said Theearthmovesaroundthes

4、un.”Theteachersaidmetheearthmovesaround thesunearth.直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。 Jacksaid.“I was doing chores when Tom came to see me”Jacksaid he was doing chores when Tom came to see him.直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语， 变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： Jacksaid.IwasbornonApril2l,1980.Jack saidhewasbornonApril21,1980.直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复

5、出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如： Hesaid,“Igetupatsixeverymorning。”Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning.如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式不再变（例：could,should,would,might） The doctor said, “You should stay in bed for 2 days.” The doctor said I should stay in bed for 2 days.” 和已经是过去时的形式时， 例： oughtto，hadbetter,usedto Petersaid.Youh

6、adbettercomeheretoday.PetersaidIhadbettergotherethatday.三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规律，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then,yesterday变为thedaybefore today变为 that day He said, ”I want to go swimming now. ” He said he wanted to go swimming then.地点状语，尤其表示方向性的， here 变 there The teacher said ,“ You should come here

7、at 7:00.” The teacher said I should go there at 7:00.指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼” 例：this改为that Hesaid,Thisbooksismine.“Hesaidthatbook washis.四、如何变句型： 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导 的宾语从句。 Shesaid,Ourbuswillarriveinfiveminutes.“ Shesaidthattheirbuswouldarriveinfiveminutes. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句， 间接引语应改为由 whethe

8、r或if引导的宾语从句. Hesaid,Canyouswim,John?“ HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim. Doyougotoschoolbybusorbybike?HeaskedmeifIwenttoschoolbybusorbybike. 直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。 Sheaskedme,Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?”Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner. Sheaskedme,Whatwas Jack doing when I come i

9、n?”Sheaskedme what Jack was doing when she came in.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“Tell (ask,order,beg等)sb(not)todosth.”句型。如： 1.Dontmakeanynoise,the teachersaidtothestudents.Shetold(ordered)thestudentsnottomakeanynoise. 2.“Open the door,please,saidshe.Sheaskedhimtoopen the door.直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“s

10、uggest+动句词（或从句）”如： Hesaid,Letsgotothemovies.Hesuggestedgoingtothemovies.或Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgotoseethemovies.1. Murphy: I can sleep late everyday.He said he _sleep late everyday. 2. Mrs. Kosky: My son will go bowling.She said her son _go bowling.3. Iris: Erika is going to the dance.She said sh

11、e _ _to the dance.4. Lissa: Im excited about going on vacation.She said she _excited about going on vacation.5. Homeroom Teacher: You can have a party.She said we _have a party.6. Lana said, “Im mad at Marcia.” Lana said _ _ mad at Marcia.7. He said to me, “I will call you tomorrow.” He _ me _ _ cal

12、l _ the next day.8. They said, “We are having a meeting.” They said _ _having a meeting.9. She said, “I go to school every Monday.” She said _ _ to school every Monday.10. My sister said to me, “Im going to help you.” My sister _ me _ _going to help _.反义疑问句（附加疑问句）它表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一

13、部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。1 陈述部分肯定式 疑问部分否定式2 陈述部分否定式 疑问部分肯定式They work hare, dont they?She was ill yesterday, wasnt she?You didnt go, did you?He cant ride a bike, can he?请注意以下句型的反义疑问句的用法：1当陈述部分的主语是I , everyone, everything, nobody 时，后面的疑问句应表示为：I am a student, arent IEveryone is in the class

14、room, arent they?Everything begins to grow in spring, doesnt it?Nobody will go, will they? 2. 当陈述部分有never，seldom, hardly，few，little，barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定词时，后面的疑问句则表示为：There are few apples in the basket, are there?He can hardly swim, can he?They seldom come late, do they? 3. 当陈述部分是I think 加从句

15、时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。I think chickens can swim, cant they?I think Lucy is a good girl, isnt she?I didnt think he was happy, was he?4. 陈述部分有had better 时，疑问句应用hadnt开头：youd better get up early, hadnt you?5. 当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达：Lets go out for a walk, shall we?Let us go our for a walk, will you?Turn on

16、 the radio, will you?6. 反义疑问句的回答用yes， no， 但是，当陈述部分是否定形式时，回答要按事实。如：They dont work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？Yes, they do. 不， 他们工作努力。/No, they dont. 对， 他们工作不努力。一、反意疑问句的一般情况1当陈述部分的主语是：等everyone, everybody, someone, no one, nobody, somebody合成代词时，附加疑问句的主语非正式文体中往往they用。（也可以按语法一致原则用单数。）2当陈述部分以one不定代词做主语时，

17、附加问句的主语在正式常场用one，非正式场合用he。3当陈述部分的主语是不定式、动名词、从句、this或that，附加疑问句的主语用it。（是those, these则用they）4当陈述部分的主语是表示物的不定代词everything, anything, nothing等，附加问句的主语用 it。5陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词，例如：never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no, none, no one, rarely, nowhere, nothing, nobody, few, little等，附加疑问句的动词要用肯定形式。6假如陈述部分中的否定词仅带有否定

18、的前缀或后缀，那么该陈述句应作肯定句处理，附加疑问句应用否定形式。二、常见句型的反意疑问句7当陈述部分是there be存在句型时，附加疑问句的主语也用there.8感叹句的附加疑问句，其谓语要求用否定句。9祈使句后面的附加疑问句题目A) 祈使句是否定形式，附加疑问句只能用will you。B) 祈使句是肯定形式，附加疑问句用肯定、否定均可。C) Let开头的祈使句要注意：1.Lets 在意义上包含谈话的对方在内，表示提出建议或征求对方意见，其反意疑问句往往用shall we。2. Let us 在意义上一般不包含谈话的对方在内，表示请求对方允许做某事的含义，let 有allow的意思。附加疑

19、问部分用will you。3. Let me 开头表示请求，附加疑问句用will you，或用may I。三、复合句的反意疑问句10当陈述部分是一个（带that引导宾语从句的）主从复合句时，附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。但是，当陈述部分的主语是：I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect等结构时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语，谓语保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移题目。11当陈述部分是Im sure that,；we are sure；Im afraid that；We are sure that；I feel

20、sure that 等后面跟宾语从句时，反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。12当陈述部分是并列句时，附加疑问句的主谓语要和离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。四、关于情态动词的反意疑问句13陈述部分中有have一词，且表示“所有”含义时，附加疑问句部分既可用have也可用do。14陈述部分中有have to，附加疑问句部分用do。15含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldnt / oughtnt 主语。He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he?16陈述部分有used to，附加疑问句部分可用u

21、sed 也可以用did 。17陈述部分有neednt时，附加疑问句部分用need但有时也可用must。18 陈述部分有must，且表示“必须”时，附加疑问句部分用mustnt，假如表示“必要”则用neednt。19陈述部分中是mustnt表示“禁止”时，附加疑问句部分用must。陈述部分中的must表示“一定”、“想必”等推测意义时，附加疑问句部分而是根据陈述部分的谓语动词或其助动词来定。20陈述部分是I wish， 表示询问或征求意见，附加疑问部分用may I。21弄清陈述句中的d rather = would rather；d better = had better附加疑问句部分前者用wo

22、uld，后者用had。其它特殊结构的反意疑问句22陈述部分的主语是each of.结构时，附加疑问句在夸大整体时用they，当作个别时用he。23陈述部分有neither.nor.(either.or.)做并列主语，附加疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?24陈述部分是：Im .结构，附加疑问句一般用arent I?25. 陈述部分有had better v. 疑问句部分用hadnt you?Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you?26. 陈述部分有would rather v

23、.，疑问部分多用 wouldnt 主语。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he?27. 陈述部分有Youd like to v. 疑问部分用wouldnt 主语。Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you?28. 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) 主语。We need not do it again, need we ?He dare not say so, dare you?当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do

24、主语。She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she?反意疑问句练习1. Youd rather watch TV this evening, _? a. isnt it b. hadnt you c. wouldnt you d. wont you 2. I suppose youre not going today, _? a. are you b. do you c. dont you d. arent you 3. I wish to shake hands with you, _? a. shall b. may I c. do I d. wil

25、l I 4. Three hours ought to be enough time, _? a. oughtnt three hours b. didnt they c. shouldnt it d. shouldnt three hours 5. They have to study a lot, _? a. dont they b. havent they c. did they d. hadnt they 6. When the car crashed, your brother escaped being hurt, _ ? a. didnt he b. did he c. did

26、it d. didnt it 7. Im sure dirty, _? a. am I b. isnt I c. arent I d. am not I 8. You seem to be dissatisfied with your present post. I dont think you judged your ability objectively when you applied for it, _ you? a. do b. did c. dont d. didnt 9. Thats the sort of the book you want, _? a. is it d. is

27、nt that c. is that d. isnt it 10. All these dictionaries are a great help to you, _? a. are they b. arent they c. are all these dictionaries d. arent all these dictionaries 11.The movie that we saw last week was quite interesting, _? a. wasnt it b. was it c. didnt we d. werent we 12.Tom has been wri

28、ting letters all afternoon, but he should have finished them by now, _? a. hasnt he b. has he c. shouldnt he d. didnt you 13.David told me that you would take a trip to America, _? a. would you b. wouldnt you c. did you d. didnt you 14.There appeared to be no better way, _? a. was there b. were ther

29、e c. did there d. didnt there 15. You has some trouble finding where I live, _? a. didnt you b. hadnt you c. do I d. dont I 16.He has his hair cut every month, _? a. has he b. hasnt he c. does he d. doesnt he 17.Your friend needs to come earlier, _? a. does he b. doesnt he c. need he d. neednt he 18

30、.The little boy dare not go to church, _? a. dare he b. darent he c. does he d. doesnt he 19. Susand have worked abroad if shed had the chance, _? a. has she b. hadnt she c. would she d. wouldnt she 20. Everyones having a good time, _? a. is he b. isnt everyone c. does he d. arent they 21.Any one ca

31、n join the club, _? a. can any one b. cant any one c. cant they d. can they 22.Tell me how to operate the electronic computer, _? a. will you b. shant you c. do you d. dont you 23.Magaret scarcely comes to visit you on Christmas Day, _? a. doesnt she b. does she c. do you d. dont you 24. Lets listen

32、 to the radio program that the teacher mentioned, _? a. do we b. dont we c. shall we d. shant we 25.You think youre funny, _? a. didnt you b. are you c. dont you d. do you 26.Janet used to take part in labor in that village, _? a. used she b. did she c. didnt she d. should she 27.What beautiful weat

33、her, _? a. is it b. isnt it c. wont it d. doesnt it 28. He ought to go to Kwangchow by plane, _? a. should he b. shouldnt he c. would he d. wouldnt he 29. We never dared to ask him a question, _? a. did we b. didnt we c. dared we d. darent we 30. Nobody will believe how difficult his work has been _

34、? a. will he b. wont nobody c. will they d. wont they 31.You must have made the mistake, _? a. mustnt you b. havent you c. didnt you d. hadnt you 32.Learning how to repair computers takes a long time, _? a. isnt it b. arent they c. doesnt it d. dont they 33.Jack has coffee with breakfast, _? a. hasn

35、t Jack b. hasnt he c. doesnt Jack d. doesnt he 34.They must have stayed at hotel last night, _? a. mustnt they b. havent they c. didnt they d. hadnt they 35.There isnt anything wrong with the radio, _? a. is there b. is it c. does it d. does there 36.You must be hungry, _? a. must you b. mustnt you

36、c. are you d. arent you 37.Lets do the exercises by ourselves, _? a. shall we b. shant we c. will you d. will we 38.Her daughter had the carpets and curtains cleaned, _? a. had she b. hadnt she c. didnt she d. didnt her daughter 39.The teacher had a talk with you, _? a. has you b. hadnt she c. did s

37、he d. didnt she 40.Somethingll have to be done about the air pollution, _? a. wont it b. will it c. has it d. does it 41. Linda ate nothing this morning, _? A. didnt she B. was she C. did she D. wasnt she 42. Theres hardly_ milk in the bottle, _there? A. no, isnt B. some, is C. little, isnt D. any,

38、is 43. He has never ridden a horse before, _? A. does he B. has he C. hasnt he D. doesnt he 44. He seldom came here, _? Yes sir. A. didnt he B. does he C. doesnt he D. did he 45. Everything seems all right, _ ? A. does it B. dont they C. wont it D. doesnt it 46. Nobody was absent from the meeting, _

39、 ? A. was it B. were they C. wasnt he D. werent they 47. One cant be too modest, can _ ? A. one B. he C. it D. we 48. No one failed in the exam, _ ? A. was he B. did one C. did they D. didnt he 49. Im a little late for class, _ I? A. amnt B. am not C. isnt D. aint 50. Neither you nor I am a artist,

40、_ ? A. am I B. arent we C. are we D. aint I51. He cant be her father, _ he? A. is B. isnt C. can D. cant 答案：1C 2A 3B 4C 5A 6A 7C 8B 9D 10B 11A 12C 13B 14D 15A 16D 17B 18A 19D 20D 21C 22A 23B 24C 25D 26C 27B 28B 29A 30C 31B 32C 33D 34C 35A 36D 37A 38C 39D 40A 41C 42D 43B 44D 45D 46B 47A 48C 49D 50C 5

41、1A形容词的比较级和最高级一、比较级的定义：大多数的形容词都有三个级别：原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示“更”，用于两者之间的比较，用来说明“前者比后者更”，比较级前面一般用much, even, a little修饰，其中even, much 只能修饰比较级。二、比较级的构成：（1）规则变化：单音节和部分双音节的形容词一般在词尾加-er Eg: calm-calmer tall-taller smart-smarter以字母e结尾的直接在词尾加-r Eg: nice-nicer fine-finer large-larger以“辅音+y 结尾的词，变y为 i，再加-er” Eg: ear

42、ly-earlier happy-happier busy-busier以重读闭音节的单个辅音字母结尾的词，双写辅音字母，再加-er Eg: big-bigger thin-thinner hot-hotter多音节或部分双音节的形容词在原级前面加more Eg: popular-more popular important-more important（2）不规则变化：少数形容词的比较级变化是不规则的：good-better bad/ill-worse many/much-morelittle-less far-farther/further old-older/elder三、比较级的用法:(一)当两个人或事物（A和B）进行比较时，我们需要用到形容词（副词）的原级或者比较级1 表达“A和B一样”，用asas的结构。公式: A+be动词+as+形容词原级+as+