1、文献翻译PrivateEnterprisesoftheintenalcontrolissues(A)changemanagementandbusinessownerstheconceptofdevelopment.Themajorityofprivatesmallandmediumenterprisesinthefamilybusiness,thesuccessoftheseenterprisesdependslargelyoninternalcontrolorentrepreneurleadershipattentionandlevelofimplementation.Overtheyear
2、s,bytraditionalChineseculture,businessownersbelieveinSincerity,fraternalloyaltypermeatemanyaspectsofenterprisemanagement,strengtheninternalcontrolsthatwillaffecttheorganizationthemembersofdistrust,resultingininternalcontrol.Manyprivatebusinessownersthatrelyonbusinesstodobusinessbenefitsoutof,rathert
3、hanoutoftheinternalfinancialmanagementcontrol;thatthemarketisthemostimportantinternalcontrolwillbeboundhimselfandstaffdevelopment.Understandingofthebias,sothattheseleadersneglectedtheinternalcontrolsystemontheproductionandoperationactivities.Internalcontrolcanreallybecometheleaderoftheinternalneedso
4、fenterpriseinternalcontrolsystemisthekeytowhetheramereformality.Theinternalcontroltomaketheinternalneedsoftheenterprisedependslargelyontwopoints:First,determinewhetherthecompanyfinancialinformationindecision-making;secondiswhetheracompany,sfinancialinformationbyprovidingatruewinthetrustofthecommunit
5、y.ImprovedtreatmentoftherisksofprivateSMEsleadersattitudeandriskcontrolmethods,transformtheirattitudesoninternalcontrol,internalcontrolJiangHuaYiShi,Tigaointernalcontrolconcepts,JiangenterprisemanagementcontrolsystemamongfinancialpeoplecanpromotethebusinessmanagementofKexueprocessandsustaina-bledeve
6、lopment,inordertoeffectivelyestablishandimplementinternalcontrol.(B)improvethequalityofenterpriseinternalcontrolsystemactors.Inrecentyears,theid-eologicaleducationoftheprivateSMEaccountants,businesstrainingdelayed,somedonothavethequalificationsoffamilymembers,relativesandfriendswasscheduledforaccoun
7、tingjobs,lackofknowledgeoftheinternalcontrolsystem.Althoughtherearesomecompaniesinternalcontrolsystem,internalcontrolsystemisnotcomprehensiveanddidnotcoverallthedepartmentsandpersonnel,nottopenetratetheenterpriseoperatingvariousbusinessfieldsandinallsectors.Lackofeffectiveinter-sectoralcoordinationa
8、ndrestraint,oftenresultedindisjointedmanagement.Internalcontrolsystemisthecorporatebusinessunitsorpersonnelinthebusinessformationprocessofmutualinfluenceandmutualrestrictionofadynamicmechanism,isacontrolfunctionofavarietyofmethods,measuresandproceduresingeneral.itisnotequivalenttotheregulationssyste
9、m,notthesameasinternalmanagement,butnottheorganizationalplan.Effectiveinternalcontrolstothepremise,thekeyistheinternalcontrolsystemasthemainbodyofthemanagerandstaff.Manisthesubjectofinternalcontrolbehavior,failureofinternalcontrol,riskmanagement,accounting,productionrisksarerelatedto.Enterprisesinth
10、esametimeimprovetheinternalcontrolsystemtodealwiththeaccountingstaffofprofessionalethicseducation,ZengQiangaccountingstaffcapacitytoself-restraint;tostrengthenprofessionaltrainingforaccountingpersonneltoenhancetheabilitytoworktoreducetechnicalerrorsintheaccountingbusinessprocesses.(C)improvetheexter
11、nalenvironmentforenterprisedevelopment,improvetheinternalcontrolinputs.AstheexternalenvironmentforSMEDevelopmentofthepoor,themainenergy-consumingbusinessexecutivesoutsidethefirm,engageinsocialrelationsoutsidethefirmtoexpandlivingspace,focusonthemarket,runfunds,notimetotakeintoaccounttheinternalcontr
12、olissues.Enterprisetoitssurvivalanddevelopment,inordertoachievesocialcapitalandgovernmentdepartmentshavetocoordinaterelationsintheexpenditures.Throughfollow-upentrepreneursandexistinggrowingsocialnetworkforallkindsofresourcesintothedevelopmentofprivatesmallandmediumbusinessandfollowthebasiccondition
13、s,sothatbusinessleaderswillinvestalotofhumanandfinancialresourcesoutsidethefirm.ChangingfunctionsofgovernmentdepartmentstoimprovetheSMEDevelopmentoftheexternalenvironment,reducethebusinessanddevelopmentcosts,limitedresourcesmakeitpossibletoachievetheinternalcontrolobjectives.Developmentofprivatesmal
14、landmediumenterprisesshouldgraduallyimprovetheinternalcontrolinputs,effortstoincreaseth-eeffectivenessofinternalcontrol.(D) establish an effective monitoring mechanism to ensure the effective implementation of the internal control system. To ensure effective internal control system was implemented,
15、and performs well, it must be oversight .Enterprises should set up internal audit body or an internalcontrolself-assessmentsystem,tostrengthentheinternalcontrolmonitoringandevaluation,todetectvulnerabilitiesandrisks,a-ndOntheemergenceofnewproblemsandnewsituationsandinternalcontrolimplementationofthe
16、weaklinkinatimelymannerXiuzhengorimprovement.Tostrengthensupervision,includingtheGovernmentofChinahasformedasocialsupervision,includingsupervisionandmonitoringsystemoutsidetheenterprise.However,thesemonitoringsystemsontheprivatemonitoringresultsarenotsatisfactoryforSMEs,Chinasprivateenterprisesaccou
17、ntingstandardsystemisnotperfect.Reviewreport,theemphasisontechnicalerrorsandnotpayattentiontotheauthenticityofthereport,submittedfalseinformation,lackofaccountabilityandpunishment.Absenceofgovernmentsupervisionandgovernmentdepartmentsofinformationareindependent,objectiveaccountingpracticesofprivatee
18、nterprisefreerein.Externaloversightofprivateenterprisesistheabsenceofothersocialsupervisionofabsence.Socialsupervisionmainlytoaccountingfirmsaccountingforthemainintermediaryagencies.Asthecurrentauditofthebusinesscommunitynotinvolvedinprivateenterprise,thelawhasnotclearlydefinedannualaccountingstatem
19、entsofprivateenterprisesmustbeauditedbycertifiedpublicaccountants,togetherwithprivateenterprisefinancialmanagementcontusion,internalcontrolweakness,sothatcertifiedpublicaccountantsandaccountingfirmsreluctanttoengageinprivatecorporateaudit.Onlybystrengtheningexternaloversight,externaloversightoftheco
20、rporatepressure,andthispressureintomotiveforce,andurgeenterprisestoimplementinternalaccountingcontrolsystemtoeliminatetheinternalcontrolsystemofnominalhappen.(E)improvecorporategovernancemechanisms,clearmanagementresponsibilities.Internalcontrolbytheauthoritiesastoachievemanagementobjectivesandestab
21、lishaseriesofrules,policies,andorganizetheimplementationofprocedures,andcorporategovernanceandcorporategovernanceareinseparable.Internalcontrolframeworkandcorporategovernancemechanismsoftheinternalmanagementcontrolsystemandsystemenvironment.ConsiderablepartofprivateSMEsinChinaareindividual,privatese
22、ctor,whileinvestorsinenterprisesthatoperatorsofcentralizedleadershipisseriousbusiness.Ownershipandmanagementahighdegreeofunifiedmanagementmodelmanagementof privateSMEslacktheinternalbinding.AlthoughsomeformofprivateSMEsintheestablishmentoftheboardofsupervisors,buttherealcorporategovernanceinstitutio
23、nsarenotinplace,thelackofauthorizationandsupervision.SomecostsavingsofprivateSMEsoftendonotsettheinternalcontrolagenciesorhypotheticalnarrowconnotationofinternalcontrol.民营中小企业内部控制问题研究文献翻译一、转变企业所有者的管理与发展观念民营中小企业中家族式企业居多,这些企业内部控制的成败很大程度上取决于领导或企业家的重视和执行程度。长期以来,受中国传统文化的影响,企业主以诚待人,江湖义气渗透到企业管理的诸多环节,认为加强内部
24、控制,会影响组织内部成员的不信任感,因而导致企业内部失控。不少民营企业主认为企业效益是靠业务做出来的,而不是由内部财务管理管出来的;认为市场才是最重要的,内部控制会束缚自己及员工的发展。认识上的偏差,使这些领导者忽视了内部控制制度对生产经营活动的作用。内部控制能否真正成为领导者的内在需求,是企业内部控制制度能否流于形式的关键。而要使内部控制成为企业的内在需求,主要取决于两点:一是财务信息是否决定着企业的决策;二是企业是否通过提供真实的财务信息取信于社会。改进民营中小企业领导者对待风险的态度和控制风险的方法,转变其对内部控制的态度,强化内部控制意识,提高内部控制理念,将控制制度融人企业管理之中,
25、才能促进企业管理的科学化进程和持续发展,从而有效建立和实施内部控制。二、提高企业内控制度行为主体素质近年来,民营中小企业财会人员的思想教育、业务培训滞后,一些不具备从业资格的家庭成员、亲戚朋友被安排在财会工作岗位,缺乏内部控制制度的相关知识.有些企业虽然存在内部控制制度,但内部控制制度不全面,没有覆盖所有的部门和人员,没有渗透到企业各个业务领域和各个操作环节。部门间缺乏有效的协调和牵制,往往造成管理脱节.内控制度是企业各业务部门或人员,在业务运作过程中形成的相互影响、相互制约的一种动态机制,是具有控制功能的各种方式、措施及程序的总称,它绝不等同于规章制度,也不等同于内部管理,更不是组织计划.内
26、部控制要以有效为前提,其关键是作为内控制度主体的经理和员工。“人”是内部控制行为的主体,企业内部银行存在就是为了获得利润,它们是通过以相对较低的利率借入资金并以较高的利率贷放出去来实现这个目标的。尽管近年来服务费的重要性程度不断提高,中间业务收入及理财业务收入比率也不断增加,但银行借入利率与贷出利率之间的差额仍然是银行利润的主要决定因素。掌握银行业务的最佳途径就是分析研究银行的财务报表,因此,如何更能有效地分析财务报表,给经营管理者提供更有价值的建议,成为了很多人关注的重点。内部控制失效、经营风险、会计、生产风险的产生均与之相关。企业在完善内部控制制度的同时,应对会计人员进行职业道德教竹,增强
27、会计人员自我约束能力;加强对会计人员的业务培训,以提高工作能力,减少会计业务处理的技术差错。三、提高企业发展的外部环境,完善内部控制输入由于民营中小企业发展的外部环境较差,企业负责人主要精力耗费在企业之外,搞社会关系、拓展企业外部生存空间,抓市场、跑资金,无暇顾及内部控制问题。企业为了存活与发展,为了取得社会资本不得不在与政府部门的协调关系方面发生人大量支出。通过创造各自已有的和后续不断发展的社会关系网络获取各种资源成为民营中小企业创业和后续发展的基本条件,这样,企业领导者将大量的人力和财力投入企业之外。转变政府部门职能,改善民营中小企业发展的外部环境,降低其创业和发展成本,使其在有限的资源下
28、尽可能地实现内部控制的目标。民营中小企业的发展,应逐步完善内部控制的投入,努力提高内部控制的有效性。四、建立确保内部控制制度的有效实施有效的监督机制要确保内部控制制度被切实地执行,且执行效果良好,其必须被监督。企业应设置内部审计机构或建立内部控制自我评估系统,加强对本企业内部控制的监督和评估,及时发现漏洞和隐患,并针对出现的新问题和新情况及内部控制执行中的薄弱环节,及时修正或改进。为加强监督,我国已形成了包括政府监督和社会监督在内的企业外部监督体系。但这些监督体系对民营中小企业的监督效果却不尽如人意,我国民营企业会计规范体系还不健全。审舍报表时,偏重于技术上的差错而不注重报表的真实性,缺少对报
29、送虚假信息的责任追究巧惩罚措施。政府监督的缺位和政府各有关部门之间的相互独立,客观上使民营企业会计行为放任自流。民营企业外在监督的一种缺位是社会监督的缺位。社会监督主要由以会计师事务所为主体的会计中介机构执行。由于目前社会审计的业务尚未涉及到民营企业,法律上尚未明确规定民营企业年度会计报表必须经注册会计师审计,加之民皆企业财务管理混乱、内控乏力,使注册会计师及会计师事务所不愿意从事民营企业审计工作。只有加强外部监督,通过外部监督对企业施加压力,并将这种压力转化为动力,督促企业实施内部会计控制制度,以杜绝企业内控制度形虚设的情况发生。五、完善公司治理机制,明确管理职责内部控制作为由当局为实现管理目标而建立的一系列规则、政策和组织实施程序,公司治理与公司管理密不可分。内部控制框架与公司治理机制的关系是内部管理监控系统、制度环境的关系。我国民营中小企业中的相当一部分属于个体、私营性质,而企业领分集权现象严重。所有权与经营权高度统一的管理模式使民营中小企业管理缺乏内部约束性。有的中小企业形式上虽然也建立了董事会、监事会,但真正的法人治理机构并未到位,缺乏授权与监管。有些民营中小企业为节减开支,往往不设置内控机构或虚设,内部控制的内涵也较窄。