水利工程环境影响评价毕业论文英文文献翻译.docx

1、英语原文： Methods and procedures for EIAEIA is the strategic for the active environmental management of basin development and the construction items. For water resources and power development, during basin-wide planning and feasibility study stage of projects environmental impact assessment should be pr

2、epared. Forbasin-wide planning document a chapter on environmental impacts assessment is necessary while for feasibility study of projects the environmental impact statement should be prepared.1 purposes of the assessmentThe purpose of EIA is to assess the environmental effects due to river basin de

3、velopment playing or proposed hydroelectric project .For the purpose of rationally utilizing natural resources, protecting the environment, improving environmental quality, and maintaining the ecological balance, the optimum plan can be screened out through the comparison of the technical, economica

4、l and environmental indices of the alternative plans of the project. Besides, the corresponding mitigation measures for the adverse effects and the improvement measures for the beneficial effects should be put forwards during various stages, such as planning, design, construction, and management. Th

5、e work of EIA is very important, as EIA (s) is the fundamental document for decision making and policy arrangement for the project. The development of EIA makes it possible to change the work of environmental protection from a status of passive control into a status of active prevention In addition,

6、 the most important point is that through the work of EIA the project could develop more comprehensive benefits and eliminate the adverse effect. 2 The classification of the assessmentAccording to the temporal and spatial dimensions the environmental impact assessment can be classified into two cate

7、gories. From temporal dimension it can be further classified as the retrospective environmental impact assessment for exiting projects, the present environmental impact assessment for project under construction and the prospective environmental impact assessment for projects under planning. Generall

8、y speaking, the environmental impact assessment refers almost all to the prospective EIA. From spatial dimension it can be classified as assessment for individual project, for a system of projects, and even for all the projects included in the river basin planning. The depth of work for environmenta

9、l assessment should be compatible with stage of planning and design. In the river basin planning stage, the environmental assessment should be made for the whole basin, and a preliminary suggestion for mitigation measures of the adverse effects should be proposed. If necessary, reports on special to

10、pics should be provided for significant impacts. In the feasibility study stage, the environmental assessment for each of important parameters and comprehensive chapter of environmental protection should be provided o give a detailed description for demonstration the environmental effect of project

11、and implementing the mitigation and improvement measures for the adverse effects,. In technical design stage, an additional study should be made for the remaining key problems. In the stage of construction, the environmental prot6ection planning and the practicing schedule for the construction area

12、and the reservoir region should be included.3 Methods and proceduresIn practice, methods are closely interconnected with procedures. According to the process of EIA. The methods used can be divided into two categories. One is for assessing the environmental change and impact of each individual param

13、eter, and the other is for assessing the impact of the whole project. After assessment, appropriate mitigation measures can be established, and comprehensive indices and indicators for the whole project can be derived so as to facilitate the comparison of alternative project designs. The assessment

14、procedures consist of five main steps: Impact identification, impact prediction, impact evaluation, mitigation and protective measures, and monitoring programs. Among the five steps the impact identification, impact prediction and impact evaluation are most important. For each step there are differe

15、nt methods and considerations.Impact identification The steps taken to identify environmental parameters likely to have impacts are as follows: Understanding the characteristics of the project, such as backwater curve, change of hydraulic and hydrological regime (such as change of discharge and silt

16、 distribution). Selection of an existing similar project and carrying out retrospective environmental assessment for reference. Investigation and description of the status of the existing environmental setting and base line. Use of checklists of interaction matrices for impact identification. Propos

17、ing the parameters with likely impacts or the unknown parameters for further impact prediction.The purposes of this are to identify the significant environmental modification, and to estimate the probability that the impact will occur. Impact prediction begins with quality identification, then simpl

18、e methods are used for quantification and finally multi-factor modeling is used for detailed quantification. Some of the methods might be classified as follows:1 Mathematical modeling of empirical formula (such as the reservoir and so on).2 Investigation and measurement (such as through investigatio

19、n of the scope of distribution of terrestrial flora and fauna within the inundated zone to predict the impact on them, the same method is used for prediction of the impact on historic and archaeological sites).3 An alysis of the effects of changes in the hydraulic and hydrological regime (such as th

20、rough the study of change of flow and silt patterns to predict the areas influenced or affected by flood, water-logging and salinity downstream, or through the change of habitats of flora and fauna to predict the future condition of the different species).4 Analogy or comparison with existing projec

21、ts (such as the use of comparison to identify the change in water temperature qualitatively).Impact evaluation 1. Environmental impact of each individual environmental parameter. One must investigate the change in environmental quality, propose the remedial measures for adverse effects, calculate th

22、e relationship between benefits and costs, and see whether the environmental change is beneficial and acceptable. The methods consist of: A comparison of environmental indices or indications between the situations with and without the project. Establishing the value function graphs for each individu

23、al parameter and seeing whether the environmental quality is improved or not (0-10 can be used to show the degree of the environmental quality, where 0 that indicates the environment quality is the worst, and 10 the best). Proposing remedial measures for adverse effects and calculating costs. Reasse

24、ssing the environment quality after the remedial measure is taken. Estimating the differences in adverse effect between the situations with and without mitigation measures. Calaculating the benefits of measures Anaktzing the relationship between benefits and costs, to see whether the impact on the p

25、arameter is acceptable, and to see effectiveness of measures.Comprehensive assessment of the project The purpose of comprehensive assessment is to evaluate the index of impact of the whole project to compare all the options and to select the optimum plan. Cost- benefit and adverse effects of the pro

26、ject are calculated to conclusion for every project. Methods of environmental evaluation system, multi-criteria analysis or cost-benefit analysis might be used. Just like ad hoc methods, checklists, matrices, overlays, networks, cost-benefit analysis, simulation modeling, and system analysis, etc. T

27、he superiorities and deficiencies of all the main can be assessed by six indices. The procedures for basin environmental impact assessment are same as those for a water resources project, but the methods are not so perfect now. A method is based on the quantified indices of environmental impacts, su

28、bject to satisfying of the multipurpose of development as its constraints and the minimum of total adverse impact (as people displaced) as objectives, by the dynamic programming technique and the matrix approach etc., to layout the plan and determine the scale of each water project. For example, Don

29、gjiang River Basin (in Guandong Province) planning, the weighted region controlling approach and key elements controlling approach have been used for fuzzy assessment. Another approach used by individual organization is: Considering all projects or components of components of the whole basin as a un

30、it or several suitable units to assess the whole environmental impacts on the upper part (above the lowest cascade) of the basin. Computing the total indices of the conjunctive operation of all projects of the basin such as the changing of hydrologic and sedimentation regime, etc. to assess the whol

31、e environmental impacts on the middle, lower reaches, and the estuary. Preparing the EIA of single key project or its coordination with other projects in order to prevent the negation of the key project by environmental impacts to influence the feasibility of the whole plan. Research of the importan

32、t points for EIA 1 Levels of the environmental systems. The environment is a complicated system. For EIA the totality of environment should be divided into several levels of sub-systems. Usually under the totality of environment it is divided into four levels of sysrt4ema, namely environmental categ

33、ories, environmental components, environmental parameters, and environmental measurements. In China the environmental categories are further classified as natural environment and social environment. Under the item of natural environment it is again subdivided into many environmental components such

34、as local climate of reservoir area, which again consists of the environmental parameters such as precipitation. Wind and fog as their sublevel. For evaluation of the change of precipitation many values of environmental measurements such as internal moisture, external moisture, and their relationship

35、s to precipitations are utilized. 2 Geographic study areasThe area affected by a project is determined on the scale, character, and location of the project. In addition to the regions directly affected by the project, effects on certain neighboring regions, on the whole basin, on a neighboring basin

36、, and even on the estuary should be considered. The affected area is not the same for each plan and for each environmental factor, but the affected areas for all alternative plans should be coordinated. In other words, the area of study should include the whole area affected as well as some addition

37、al area for putting the effects into perspective. In the case of a water quality parameter, such as temperature, the area affects into perspective. In the area and the reaches downstream, where the temperature of the water is estimated to change at least 1.0 . 3 Time frame for comparisonsIn a planni

38、ng investigation, the time frame for making comparisons of environmental effects should be the same as the time frame for making economic evaluations. Ordinarily, projections are made based on the future with and without project conditions for the time levels of under construction, completion and in

39、 operation (25 years after completion).外文译文：水利工程环境影响评价环境影响评价是评价由于人类的活动(如兴建大坝工程等)所引起的环境改变及其影响，它是区域开发和建谈项目环境管理的一种战略防御手段。水利水电工程在流域规划和可行性研究阶段必须进行环境影响评价，在流域规划阶段编制环境影响评价篇章，在可行性研究阶段编制环境影响报告书。1 评价目的江河流域规划和水电工程环境影响评价的目的，是从合理利用自然资源、保护环境、提高环境质量和维护生态平衡观点出发，根据不同工程方案的技术、经济和环境指标，优选方案。在规划、设计、施工和管理等阶段，分别提出减免不利影响和发挥有

40、利影响的措施。这项工作十分重要，工程环境影响评价报告是决策和制订有关政策的关键性文件，环境影响报告书是审批工程的重要依据，它可以起到一票否决的作用。2 评价分类环境影响评价的种类可依据工程的时、空关系分为两大类。从时间关系讲，可分为对己建工程影响的回顾评价，对在建工程环境影响的施工评价和对拟建工程环境影响的预评价，一般讲，环境影响评价多指预评价。从空间关系讲可分为单一工程的环境影响评价和几个工程联合运转的环境影响评价乃至流域规划全部工程联合运转的流域规划环境影响评价。水利工程的环境影响评价应在规划设计各阶段作出相应深度的工作。在流域规划阶段，应进行环境影响的总体评价，并提出对不利影响减免措施的

41、初步设想，对环境有重大影响的问题需附专题报告。在可行性研究阶段，需作出对重点单因子影响和工程的综合评价。初步设计必须有环境保护篇章，详细论证工程对重点环境问题的影响并提出有关改善措施的规划、设计。技术设计应对遗留的重点问题进行补充研究，施工阶段应有施工期的环境保护规划及实施方案。3 评价方法与步骤环境影响评价的方法与步骤是紧密联系的。依据环境影响的评价程序，采用的方法可分成两大类:一类是评价每一单因子的环境改变及其影响，另一类是评价整个工程的影响。经过评价可以提出合适的减免措施和整个工程的综合指标，以便比选方案。评价的步骤主要包括五步:即影响识别、影响预测、影响评价、拟定保护措施和监测方案。在

42、上述五个步骤中，以影响识别、影响预测和影响评价三者最为重要，以下就这三者分别进行叙述，一、影响识别目的在提出可能产生影响的环境因子，步骤如下：(1) 了解工程状况及其特征，如回水曲线、水文、水力情势变化(诸如流量变化及泥沙分布)。(2) 选择一个已建成的相似工程并进行回顾评价作为参考。(3) 环境现状调查与描述。(4) 决定进行影响识别的工程组成部分。(5) 利用清单法和影响矩阵法进行识别。(6) 提出可能有较大影响或情况不明的环境因子进行影响预测。二、影响预测影响预测目的是验明环境的变化和估价影响发生的机率。影响预测由定性开始，到用简单方法定量，再用多因素的模型详细定量。其方法大致可以区分如

43、下： (1) 数学模型计算，如预测水质或降雨量。(2) 特征指标或经验公式，如利用值或利用弗劳德数F厂以预报水库水温结构等。(3) 调查和度量，如通过调查水库淹没区内的陆生动植物分布，以预测对它们的影响;同样方法也可用于预测对文物、古迹的影响。 (4) 分析水文、水力情势变化引起的影响，如通过对水、沙变化情势的研究以预测影响下游洪、涝、渍、咸的面积及情况;又如通过生物生境的变化以预测不同物种将来的兴衰或消灭情况。(5) 与现有工程进行类比或对比，如利用这一比较以确定水温的定性变化。影响评价单因子评价其目的在研究对每一个单因子的影响。因而必须研究环境质量改变，对不利影响提出对策措施，计算投资、效

44、益关系;以研究环境改变是否有利，能否接受。方法包括下列几种： (1) 建与不建工程影响下的环境指标对比法。(2) 建立诸环境因子的环境变化程度(情况)与环境质量的函数图，以研究环境质量是否提高。环境质量可采用010,0表示环境质量最差，10表示环境质量最好。如水中溶解氧DO的饱和度与环境质量的函数图。(3) 对不利影响提出对策措施，计算投资。(4) 采取措施后，再评价环境质量。(5) 计算有、无措施两种情况下不利影响的差值。(6) 计算措施的效益。(7) 分析投资、效益关系，以研究对此项因子的影响能否接受和所提措施是否有效。综合评价其目的在于提出方案对环境影响的总指标，以便比选方案及评价方案的

45、优劣。先分别评价其有利影响与不利影响，然后权衡两方面，得出总指标。评价时可采用环境评价系统、多目标分析和投资、效益分析等方法。它们包括综合法、清单法、矩阵法、叠置(图)法、网络法、投资一效益分析法、模拟模型法和系统分析法等。用6个指标评定各主要方法的优缺点。流域环境影响评价的步骤与评价水工程相同。有的是在流域内几个工程徐满足的总水利任务已定的前提下，根据定量的环境指标，利用动态规划几排优劣矩阵法以投资少、环境影响小为目标函数，分配、确定各工程规模的方法。如在东江流域规划中，环境影响综合评价采用了权重区域控制法和重点要素控制法进行模糊评价。有的机构按下列方法进行评价： (1)把方案中的各种工程作

46、为一个大单元或分成几个组成单元，评价各方案对最下一级工程以上地区各种环境因子及地区(流域)的总体影.(2)从方案中各工程联合运转的各种总指标如水文变化、泥沙变化等，评价对中、下游及河口的总体影响。(3)为使各比较方案特别是选定方案，不致因环境影响动摇它的成立，所以对影响方案成立的关键工程(主体工程)，还应进行单独的或部分联合的工程环境影响评价。评价时重点研究的几个问题:一、 环境层次系统 环境是复杂的系统。进行环境影响评价，应把环境分为几个层次系统。一般是在环境总体下分为环境种类、环境组成、环境因子及其度量值等4个层次。每个层次是一个系统。我国习惯把环境种类分为自然环境与社会环境两大类。在自然

47、环境下又分为如库区局地气候等环境组成，在库区局地气候下又包括有降水、气温、湿度、风和雾等环境因子，为计算环境因子降水的变化又利用了局地水气、外来水气以及局地水气、外来水气分别和降雨的关系等几个度量值。二、 工程对环境影响的范围工程对环境影响的范围视工程规模、性质及所在地理位置而定。考虑的范围除本工程直接影响的地区外，还需包括一定范围的邻近地区，甚至要考虑对全流域的影响，以及对河口等的影响。对于每一比较方案和每一环境因素要研究的影响范围是不同的，但对各比较方案影响范围的确定必须协调。总之，研究的范围应包括所有被影响到的范围以及有足够大的补充的范围对影响进行展望。当研究水质参数如水温时，影响的范围应包括水库库区和下游河道，直到预测水温的改变为1C的河段为止。为了评价涸游性鱼类，研究范围应为其生活周期的全部生境，包括河流、河口和近海，并了解是该鱼种的全部或只有一小部分被影响的情况。三、 评价的时间构架评价的时间构架与经济计算的时间构架一致。通常预测是根据将来无工程和有工程的两种情况，时间水平为施工期,试运转期和运转期(竣工后的25年).