高中英语词类及成分分析.ppt

1、我也想学英语我也想学英语一一,十大词类十大词类二二,句子成分句子成分英语英语名称名称人或事物的名称人或事物的名称boy,用在名词前帮助说用在名词前帮助说明其意义明其意义.a,the代替名词或数词代替名词或数词they,修饰名词或代词修饰名词或代词pretty表示动作或状态表示动作或状态work词类词类作作用用例例词词名词名词冠词冠词代词代词形容词形容词动动词词n.art.pron.adj.v.副词副词adv.修饰动词、形容词修饰动词、形容词或副词或副词slowlyvery介词介词prep.用在名词、代词等用在名词、代词等前面前面,表示与别的表示与别的词的关系词的关系.forfrom数词数词nu

2、m.表示数目或顺序表示数目或顺序two连词连词conj.用来连接词与词或用来连接词与词或句与句句与句andbut感叹感叹词词interj.表示说话时的感情表示说话时的感情或口气或口气Oh,ah一一,主语主语(subject)主语是一句话中谓语叙述主语是一句话中谓语叙述的对象和主体的对象和主体,表示所叙述表示所叙述的是的是“谁谁”或或“什么什么”1.名词名词MybrotheriswatchingTV.2.代词代词Youhaveseenheralready.3.数词数词Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.4.动名词动名词Singingisoneofmy

3、interests.5.不定式不定式Todotheworkwellneedspatience.6.名词化的形容词名词化的形容词Theagedandthesickneedourhelp.7.介词短语介词短语Fromheretothereistwomiles.8.引语引语“Itdoesntmatter”means“Itisntimportant.”9.从句从句Thatthemoonhasnolightofitsownisawell-knownfact.=Itisawell-knownfactthatthemoonhasnolightofitsown.记住了吗记住了吗?Doyouknow?Doyou

4、know?1.用用and或或bothand连接的并连接的并列主语列主语,谓语动词用复数形式谓语动词用复数形式.Plasticsandrubberneverrot.Bothbreadandbutterweresoldoutinthatshop.2.并列主语如果指的是同一人并列主语如果指的是同一人,同一同一事或同一概念事或同一概念,谓语用单数谓语用单数.Acartandhorsewasseeninthedistance.3.若若and连接的并列单数的前面分连接的并列单数的前面分别有别有each,every,no或名词前有或名词前有manya修饰时修饰时,谓语用谓语用单数单数.Manyastuden

5、thaspassedtheexams.Inourcountryeveryboyandgirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation.4.主语是单数时主语是单数时,尽管后面有尽管后面有aswellas,togetherwith,but,except,like,including,inadditionto连接的修饰语连接的修饰语,谓语动谓语动词用词用单数单数.Theteacheraswellasthestudentshasseenthefilm.Mybrother,togetherwithhisclassmates,isgoingtotakepartintheexams.Nob

6、odybutXiaoLiandXiaoWangwasthere.He,likeyou,isveryclever.5.Itisnouse/good/point/useless/+do-ing短语是一个固短语是一个固定句型定句型.Itsnogoodsmokingquitealot.6.Itis+形容词形容词/名词名词+todoItis+形容词形容词/名词名词+forsbtodoItis+形容词形容词/名词名词+ofsbtodoItsimportanttolearnEnglishwell.Itskindofyoutohelpme.Itsnecessaryforyoutolearnthewordsby

7、heart.7.it作形式主语的主语从句作形式主语的主语从句1)it+名词名词+从句从句Itsapitythathedidntcome.2)it+形容词形容词+从句从句Itisobviousthathewaswrong.3)it+不及物动词不及物动词+从句从句Itseemsthatitsgoingtorain.4)it+过去分词过去分词+从句从句Itissaidthatheisgoingtostudyabroad.5)ItdoesntmatterItdoesntmatterwhetherhecomesornot.二二,谓语谓语(predicatepredicate)简单谓语简单谓语复合谓语复合

8、谓语说明主语做什么说明主语做什么,是什么或者是什么或者怎么样怎么样,谓语用动词谓语用动词.简单谓语简单谓语凡是由一个动词凡是由一个动词(包括动词短语包括动词短语)构成的构成的,不管是什么时态不管是什么时态,语态语态,语语气气,都是简单谓语都是简单谓语.Theyhavebeenworkingontheprojectformanyyears.Thecaseisbeinginvestigated.复合谓语复合谓语1.情态动词情态动词+动词原形构成或由动词原形构成或由不定式和另外的词构成不定式和另外的词构成.ShecanspeakEnglish.Ihappenedtomeetmyfriendinthe

9、streetyesterday.2.系动词系动词+表语表语Thegirlfeltcold.三三,宾语宾语(object)(object)表示动作表示动作,行为的对行为的对象象.是动作的承受者是动作的承受者.1.名词名词Onlybystudyhardcanwegetmoreknowledge2.代词代词Heoftenhelpsme.3.数词数词Ineedtwo.4.不定式不定式Iwanttogohome.5.-ing形式形式IenjoywatchingTV.6.从句从句Shesaidthatshewasillyesterday.Doyouknow?Doyouknow?双宾语双宾语Hegaveme

10、abookyesterday.间接宾语间接宾语直接宾语直接宾语不是所有的及物动词之后都可由双不是所有的及物动词之后都可由双宾语。可用于此句型的动词有以下宾语。可用于此句型的动词有以下三类：三类：1)givetellteachwritebringlendhandshowsendofferpaypassallow2)buydogetfetchsavemakesingchoose3)askanswer四四,定语定语(attribute)attribute)用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词.1.形容词形容词Sheisabeautifulgirl.2.名词名词Thereare26girlstuden

11、tsinourclass.3.代词代词Thisismybook.4.数词数词Heboughttwokilosofapples.5.介词短语介词短语Thestudentsintheclassroomarebusypreparingtheirlessons.6.不定式不定式ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromLondon.7.ing(短语短语)ThemenworkinghereareallfromNanjing.8.过去分词过去分词Weshoulddrinkboiledwater.9.从句从句ThecomputerwhichIboughtyesterdaydoesntworkno

12、w.五五,状语状语(adverbial)(adverbial)1.什么叫状语什么叫状语?修饰动词、形容词、副词、以及整修饰动词、形容词、副词、以及整个句子的成分叫状语。个句子的成分叫状语。2.状语的作用状语的作用?在英语中表示动词的状况在英语中表示动词的状况,样子样子,表示表示事情发生的时间事情发生的时间,地点地点,方式方式,原因原因,频频率率,结果结果,或对全句进行修饰的部分叫或对全句进行修饰的部分叫做状语做状语.3.什么成分作状语什么成分作状语?1)副词副词Thestudentsplayfootballveryhard.(修饰谓语表示程度修饰谓语表示程度)Youarealwaysforge

13、ttingthings.(修饰谓语表示频率修饰谓语表示频率)Obviously,youmadeamistakeaboutthis.(修饰全句表示程度修饰全句表示程度)Idontknowwheretheparklies.(修饰从句的谓语表示地点修饰从句的谓语表示地点)Howisyourdaughterdoingatschool?(修饰谓语表示方式修饰谓语表示方式)2)名词名词(名词作状语名词作状语,可以修饰动词可以修饰动词或形容词或形容词,表示时间表示时间,地点地点,程度等程度等).Hewillwriteabooknextweek.Helivednextdoor.Heisaheadtallert

14、hanI.Asweallknow,lighttravels300,000kilometersasecond.3)3)形容词形容词 和句子的谓语用逗号隔开和句子的谓语用逗号隔开.Eagertoseethesunrise,theygotupatfour.Hewentbed,coldandhungry.Young,richandpretty,Junehasalotofboyfriends.有时形容词和一个动词一起用有时形容词和一个动词一起用,中中间不用逗号隔开间不用逗号隔开.Hesaidnothing,butsatsilentsmoking.Shemarriedyoung.Theoldmanlive

15、dinpace,andhediedhappyattheageofninetyAllmenarebornequal.有些形容词和宾语有较密切的关有些形容词和宾语有较密切的关系系(接近复合宾语接近复合宾语):):Hepulledhisbelttight.Shepushedthedooropen.Wedrinkithot.Webeathimunconscious.Thepainnearlydrovememad.4)形容词修饰形容词形容词修饰形容词.ItwasSundayanditwasicy/freezingcold.Themanisterriblerude.5)不定式不定式(1)不定式放在句首不定

16、式放在句首,表示目的表示目的.Tosleeplateinthemorning,Tomturnedoffthealarm.(2)不定式放在形容词后不定式放在形容词后,多表示原因多表示原因.Heismuchafraidtostayathomealone.(3)不定式表示结果不定式表示结果,onlytodo多多表示结果表示结果.Hegotupandlookedouttoseethegroundcoveredwithsnow.Hehurriedhome,onlytofindhishomegone.6)-ing短语短语LivinginmodernAmerica,youmusthaveacar.Manyp

17、eopleridetowork,listeningtoawalkman.7)过去分词过去分词Seenfromahill,thecitylooksbeautiful.Askedtosingasong,thelittlegirlsfaceturnedred.8)介词短语介词短语ItremindedmeofsomethingIwastaughtinmyteens.Wedontknowwhatwillhappeninthefuture.10)复合结构复合结构(独立结构独立结构)由名词或代词和另一成分构成由名词或代词和另一成分构成.Thehurricanehavingdestroyedthewholev

18、illage,noonehadaroomtolivein.(名词名词+ing短语短语)Theworkersallwenthome,workfinished.(名词名词+过去分词过去分词)Theteachercamein,bookinhand.(名词名词+介词短语介词短语)Heskatedthewholeafternoon,hisfaceredwithcold.(名词名词+形容词形容词)9)with结构结构Withtheboysguiding,theysetoffearlyinthemorning.Withtheproblemsolved,theywentonworking.Withnothin

19、gtodo,hewenttotakeawalkinthepark.11)从句从句(1)时间状语从句时间状语从句Whenhesawhismother,theboybegantocry.(2)地点状语从句地点状语从句Hedliketoworkwhereheisneeded.(3)原因状语从句原因状语从句Hedidntgotothemeetingbecausehewasill.(4)条件状语从句条件状语从句Youaresuretosucceedifyouworkhard.(5)结果状语从句结果状语从句Sheissokindtousthatweallloveher.(6)目的状语从句目的状语从句Imu

20、stgetupearlytomorrowsothatIcancatchtheearlytrain.(7)让步状语从句让步状语从句 She took care of the patients though she herself was also ill.No matter where you go,you must find time to study.Young as he is,he knows a lot.(8)方式状语从句方式状语从句LetsstudyasLeninstudied.Hespokeasifhewereaprofessor.(9)比较状语从句比较状语从句同级比较状语从句同级

21、比较状语从句HeworksashardasJack.比较级状语从句比较级状语从句HecanjumphigherthanI.表示递进的比较状语从句表示递进的比较状语从句Theharderheworks,thehappierheis.表示最高级概念的比较状语从句表示最高级概念的比较状语从句Nobodyissosly(狡猾狡猾)asheis.Noonestudiesharderthanhedoes.六六,补语补语补语也叫补足语补语也叫补足语,是一种补足是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成主语和宾语的意义的句子成分分.共分为共分为主语补语主语补语和和宾语补宾语补语语.1.1.主语补语主语补语是用来说明主

22、语是用来说明主语是什么或处于什么状态是什么或处于什么状态,以补以补充其意义的不足充其意义的不足.2.2.宾语补语宾语补语是用来说明宾语是用来说明宾语是什么或处于什么状态是什么或处于什么状态,以补以补充其意义的不足充其意义的不足,宾语和宾语宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语.1)名词名词Theyelectedhimmonitorofourclass.Hewaselectedmonitorofourclass.常用来接复合宾语常用来接复合宾语,由名词作补语由名词作补语的动词有的动词有:elect,make,name,call,think,consider等等.2)形容词形容词W

23、eshouldkeeptheroomclean.Theroomshouldbekeptclean.常用来接复合宾语常用来接复合宾语,由形容词作补语由形容词作补语的动词有的动词有:find,make,keep,cut,paint,push,drive,leave.3)不定式不定式Isawadogrunintotheyard.Adogwasseentorunintotheyard.4)ingCanyouhearsomeoneshoutingforhelp?Thebabywasheardcryingnowandtheninthenight.常用来接复合宾语常用来接复合宾语,由由-ing作补语作补语的

24、动词有的动词有:have,see,notice,feel,leave,listentolookat5)过去分词过去分词Hecamehomeandfoundtheroombrokenintoandalotofthingsstolen.Themousewasseenbeatendead.七七,表语表语在英语中在英语中,凡表示主语的身份凡表示主语的身份,状态状态,性质等的部分叫表语性质等的部分叫表语.只只有系动词后才有表语有系动词后才有表语.Notes:常用的常用的系动词系动词有有:1).静态静态(表性质、特征、状态表性质、特征、状态)：beseemremainappear2).动态动态(表变化表变

25、化):becomegoturngetgrow3).感官感官(表示感觉表示感觉):looksoundtastefeelsmell可以用做可以用做表语表语的有的有:1)名词名词2)名词性物主代词名词性物主代词3)不定代词不定代词4)人称代词人称代词5)形容词形容词6)数词数词7)副词副词8)动词不定式动词不定式(短语短语)9)动名词动名词(短语短语)10)现在分词现在分词(短语短语)11)过去分词过去分词(短语短语)12)介词短语介词短语13)从句从句e.g.1)Smith was the boss of a garage.2)Is this pen yours?3)This is somethi

26、ng you should always keep in mind.4)It is she who is singing next door.5)All the walls are white.6)My son will be fourteen next year.7)Class is over.8)His wish is to become a scientist.9)Her favorite sport in summer is swimming.10)The news was exciting.11)They were not discouraged.12)We are all against the proposal.13)He is no longer what he used to be.