无线通信技术热点及其发展趋势毕业论文.doc

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1、In order to ensure normal teaching order, protecting students healthy growth, ensuring that national (property) is not lost, to prevent or minimize the occurrence of safety accidents, follow the prevent, rescue each other, ensure safety and reduce losses principle, according to the local conditions,

2、 make the management system. 1, the principal is the responsibility of school safety, school security under the leadership of President security work leading group. The head teacher to the leadership team is responsible for, implementation of the accountability system. 2, school monthly student know

3、ledge about safety education, education should be diversified in the form every safety education for students of classes per week should be targeted. To carry on emergency issues dealing with education in General, self-help and mutual rescue knowledge. Emergency calls (such as 110, 119, 122, 120, an

4、d so on) use common sense in education. 3, the establishment of major accident reporting system. School students report major accident within an hour of education; student run and disappearances to report; report of the accident to a written report in triplicate, a correctional centre, a police stat

5、ion, a township peoples Government shall not conceal the accident. 4 week, teachers are on duty system, establish and improve the leadership values; strengthen the education, management of teaching activities in schools to ensure normal teaching order; responsible for school safety leadership always

6、 maintained close contact and district police stations, canvassing support from the police station on school safety and help. 5, strengthening teachers moral education, establish a dedicated love, improving education quality, observe the students psychological changes at any time and take preventive

7、 measures, no corporal punishment and covert corporal punishment on students, student out of the classroom, schools may not be. 6, units or departments use student Street propaganda or participate in the celebrations, as well as participating in other social work, without approval of the Correctiona

8、l Centre, school principals consent, without organization. Without the approval of relevant departments, may organize students to participate in fire fighting, disaster relief and so on. 7, schools should educate students to obey the school rules and regulations, on time, on time home to prevent acc

9、idents. 8, school to school inspections on a regular basis, found hidden in time, and in severe cases, it is hard to eliminate immediately closed, and reported to the local peoples Government, education, and rule of law section. 9, the school should always check the internal walls, retaining walls,

10、ponds, railings, handrails, doors, Windows, staircases and a variety of sports, extracurricular activities, facilities such as fire safety, infrastructure security, unsafe facility to immediately repair and demolition to ensure that teachers and students work, learn, live venues and facilities are s

11、afe and reliable. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school March 2016 song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping primary school fire safety systems to enhance fire safety, protection of public property and the life and property safety of teachers and students, school fire safety into day-to-day management, is

12、 developing the following fire safety system. 1, strengthen fire safety education of the whole school. According to the requirements of the Fire Services Act, so that everyone has of keeping fire control safety, protecting fire control facilities, fire prevention, reports of fire无线通信技术热点及其发展趋势摘要短短几十

13、年的发展,我国的无线通信产业已经发展到第三代和第四代移动通信技术,多种无线通信技术都得到了广泛的应用。现阶段,无线通信领域主要包括3G、TD-LTE-Advanced、UWB、Wi-Fi、RFID等几大技术热点。本文首先介绍了无线通信技术的发展历程和特点,然后主要针对我国具有自主知识产权的TD-LTE-Advanced技术的产生及其特点进行了简要的分析。TD-LTE-Advanced作为TD-SCDMA技术的演进,它吸纳了TD-SCDMA的主要技术元素,体现了我国通信产业界在宽带无线移动通信领域的最新自主创新成果。与第三代移动通信系统采用CDMA技术不同,TD-LTE采用OFDM和MIMO作为

14、基本技术,大量采用了目前移动通信领域最先进的技术和设计理念。关键词:无线通信,3G,LTE,TD-LTE-AdvancedHot Spots in Wireless Communication Technology and its Tendency of DevelopmentAbstractBy only a few decades of development,the wireless industry in China has grown to the third and the fourth generation mobile communication technology and

15、a variety of wireless communication technology have been widely used. At present, the hot spots in wireless communication technology is mainly include 3G, TD-LTE-Advanced, UWB, Wi-Fi, RFID,etc.This paper first introduces the development history of wireless communication technology and its characteri

16、stics,then it briefly analyse the development process and features of TD-LTE-Advanced,and our country has independent intellectual property rights for this technology. As the evolution of TD-SCDMA Technology, TD-LTE-Advanced is one of the two candidates for next generation mobile communication syste

17、m (IMT-Advanced). Compared with CDMA technology which is widely adopted by 3G system, TD-LTE introduces OFDM and MIMO as technical basis,together with many state of art advanced technologies and designs.Key Words: Wireless Communication, 3G, LTE,TD-LTE-Advanced目录摘要IAbstractII目录III第一章 绪论11.1 引言11.2 技

18、术背景概述1第二章 无线通信技术的发展32.1 无线通信的概念32.2 无线移动通信技术的发展历程32.3 无线通信技术与业务的发展趋势42.4 各个技术热点的简单介绍52.4.1 3G62.4.2 UWB82.4.3 RFID82.3.4 Wi-Fi92.4.5 TD-LTE-Advanced10第三章 TD-LTE-Advanced的产生历程及特点113.1 TD-LTE-Advanced的概念113.2 TD-LTE-Advanced的产生过程123.3 TD-LTE-Advanced的技术特点133.3.1 多址方式133.3.2 帧结构143.3.3 多入多出MIMO方案163.3.

19、4 快速的分组调度183.3.5 无线中继技术Relay183.3.6 CoMP技术193.4 TD-LTE-Advanced的测试工作213.4.1 TD-LTE-Advanced技术的测试进程213.4.2 TD-LTE-Advanced技术的性能评估213.5 小结22第四章 TD-LTE-Advanced技术的现状和前景分析234.1 现状234.2 前景和今后的工作24第五章 结束语26参考文献27谢辞28Electricity lines, equipment inspections, found hidden in time for rectification, maintena

20、nce, and security. 9, do not use an open flame in the classroom, prohibit burning stove, lit candles, mosquito repellent, no smoking, and banning messy wiring. Without using any household appliances is not allowed. 10, live on campus faculty members, must lead by example, and educate families and ch

21、ildren ready to fire. 11, household use of gas in schools, to master proper usage, pay attention to the leak-proof, explosion-proof, fireproof, closing valve after use to ensure security. 12, dining room must be qualified, and annual testing of pressure vessels, to regularly check, the canteen worke

22、rs must be certified, strictly by operation operation, gas tank and stove safety distance of 1.5 meters, to prevent accidents. 13, the adverse consequences caused by ignoring fire safety regulations, will be punished, until investigated for legal responsibility. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementar

23、y school March 2016 Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school, pine slopes surrounding safety management system 1 teachers and students, the surrounding area of the school governance covers personal and food hygiene, cultural events and other aspects, integrated governance shall obtain wide support and f

24、ull cooperation of the community. On the surrounding environment in schools should be closely monitored. 2, school work at the same time, should pay attention to the safety management of school environment, should take the initiative to contact the district police station, the village Committee, Cor

25、rectional Centre, Township government, business management and other departments to do a good job management. 3, teacher on duty with the exception of inspections in schools, should also pay attention to environmental inspections near the campus, found that the jobless migrants from rural areas, for

26、 example, harassment of students and a variety of accidents, according to different situations reported school officials or the police station in a timely manner, to protect the safety of students. 4, every day before school, teachers remind students, pay attention to traffic safety. 5, should educa

27、te students to respect social ethics, and various regulations, maintaining public order, and fight the bad guys, and grasp the correct ways and means of maintaining and improving students self-care ability. 6, the establishment of emergency rescue teams of teachers in schools, on high alert and depl

28、oyed. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school March 2016 song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping primary school teachers and students organizations out of safety management system organization activities between teachers and students, to draw up a precise plan and security measures must be signed by the s

29、chool officials to review the programme of activities agreed upon Correctional Center agreed to implement. Organization to the field relatively far or activities require approval by the Deputy Director of the Education Bureau in charge of security. 2, each activity should have a specific responsibil

30、ity, pay attention to the persons age, physical match. Route 3, activities, location, field surveys should be carried out in advance. 4, activities for the means of transport should explain the situation to the school to comply with vehicle, safety requirements, before the line for repairs. 5, each

31、activity must have security, emergency response plan for accidents. 6, picnics, hiking, picnic to pay attention to fire prevention, food poisoning, prevention of fall accidents 7, the activities near the rivers, reservoirs, no measures or do not meet the security requirements of the Organization and

32、 not let students into the water第一章 绪论1.1 引言最近几年随着无线通信技术的迅猛发展,全球无线通信产业规模不断扩大,呈现出了两个突出的特点:一是公众移动通信保持较快增长态势,一些国家和地区增势比较强劲,但存在发展不均衡的现象;二是宽带无线通信技术热点不断,研究和应用十分活跃。根据爱立信的研究显示,截止到2010年7月份,全球移动用户数量已突破50亿,并且仍在以每日约200万用户的数量增加。而这其中,移动宽带用户数量也正在快速增长,预计到2015年将会超过34亿(2009年这一数字仅为3.6亿)。在国内方面,根据工业和信息化部在最近发布的中国通信业运行状况报

33、告显示,首先是在用户规模上,截止到2011年4月份,我国全国移动电话用户数量已达到了8.9亿户,其中3G用户数量为6757.2万户;然后是业务收入方面,移动通信收入在电信主营业务收入中所占的比重为70.63%,而固定通信收入所占的比重仅为29.37%,并且在逐年下降。这些数据无不清楚的表明,无论是在国内还是国际上,无线通信都已经毫无疑问的成为通信领域的主流,也早在2002年,全球的移动用户数量已经超过固定电话用户数量,移动通信成为用户最大、使用最广泛的通信手段。也正是因为如此,近些年来无线通信技术的发展才能日新月异,热点前沿技术才能层出不穷,显现出无限的生命力。1.2 技术背景概述目前,无线通

34、信领域主要包括3G、TD-LTE-Advanced、WiMax、UWB、Wi-Fi以及RFID等几大技术热点。其中,UWB(超宽带)和RFID(射频识别)技术主要运用于短距离无线通信领域,并且RFID还是物联网的核心技术,日后会发挥越来越重要的作用;Wi-Fi技术主要用于解决无线局域网的相关问题,可以在公共场所提供方便的“热点”接入;3G则是如今蜂窝通信技术的主流,在全球范围内也已经大规模的商用,技术日趋成熟,可以说今后十年无疑将会是3G移动通信系统正兴的时期,而到了十年以后则将会是第四代移动通信的天下。而LTE-Advanced和802.16m正是国际电信联盟在最近才刚刚为新一代移动通信(即

35、4G)确定的国际标准,而其中的LTE-Advanced就包含了我国提交的具有自主知识产权的技术标准TD-LTE-Advanced,它是LTE-Advanced的TDD(时分双工)分支。针对目前无线通信技术领域的情况,我们需要根据我国的具体国情,结合不同地区不同业务群体的不同需求,抓住这次无线通信技术的浪潮,结合我国的“十二五规划”全面建设完善的符合我国需求的无线通信体系。第二章 无线通信技术的发展前文对无线通信领域的发展情况作了概要性介绍,以下将简单介绍无线通信技术的发展历程和各个时期的不同特点。2.1 无线通信的概念无线通信(Wireless Communication)是指利用电磁波信号可

36、以在自由空间中传播的特性进行信息交换的一种通信方式,近些年来,在信息通信领域中,发展最快、应用最广的就是无线通信技术。在移动中实现的无线通信又通称为移动通信,人们把二者合称为无线移动通信。2.2 无线移动通信技术的发展历程移动通信发展到今天大约经历了以下几个阶段:20世纪20年代初,无线通信技术产生,起初主要用于舰船及军有,采用短波频及电子管技术,至该四十年代末期才出现150MHZ VHF(即甚高频Very High Frequency)单工汽车公用移动电话系统MTS(Mobile Telephone Service)。到了五、六十年代,频段扩展至UHF(特高频Ultra High Frequ

37、ency)450MHZ,器件技术己向半导体过渡,大都为移动环境中的专用系统,并解决了移动电话与公用电话网的接续问题。随后频段扩展至800MHZ,美国Bell研究所提出了蜂窝系统概念并进行了试验。第一代移动通信:最早的移动通信电话采用的是模拟蜂窝通信技术和频分多址(FDMA)技术,是最初的模拟的、仅限语音的蜂窝电话标准。由于受到传输带宽的限制,不能进行移动通信的长途漫游,只能是一种区域性的移动通信系统。第二代移动通信:包括GSM通信技术和GPRS通信技术等,采用了数字化,自此无线通信步入了纯数字时代。具有保密性强,频谱利用率高,能提供丰富的业务,标准化程度高等特点,使得移动通信得到了空前的发展,

38、从过去的补充地位跃居通信的主导地位。随后,通信运营商又推出了增强型数据速率GSM演进技术(Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution即EDGE),这种通信技术是一种介于现有的第二代移动网络与第三代移动网络之间的过渡技术,因此有人称它为2.5G 技术3。第三代移动通信:目前的3G技术有4个标准,分别是WCDMA、TD-SCDMA、CDMA2000和WiMax。各个技术标准都已经非常成熟,并且都正在全球范围内迅速展开,产业规模不断扩大。第四代移动通信:随着国际电信联盟有关4G标准的确定,LTE-Advanced和802.16m获得胜利,至此4G标准之争基本落下帷幕。国

39、际电信联盟将于2011年底前完成4G国际标准建议书编制工作,2012年初正式批准发布,今后有关4G的商用也会逐步展开。2.3 无线通信技术与业务的发展趋势无线通信技术与业务有以下几个发展趋势:(1)网络覆盖的无缝化,即用户在任何时间、任何地点都能实现网络的接入,也有人把这称作网络的泛在化。(2)宽带化是未来通信发展的一个必然趋势,窄带的、低速的网络会逐渐被宽带网络所取代。(3)融合趋势明显加快,包括:技术融合、网络融合、业务融合、接入融合。从IP网络兼容性来看,3G系统不是基于IP的,而4G则支持下一代的Internet(IPv6)和所有的信息设备,将能在IP IPv6网络上实现话音和多媒体业

40、务3。(4)数据速率越来越高,无论是上行还是下行速度都在不断提高,频谱带宽越来越宽,频段也越来越高,数据传输能力已从早期的kb/s 逐步发展到如今的Gb/s。(5)业务内容更加多样化,这是离不开速率和带宽的提高的,无线通信经历了,从仅支持单一语音业务逐渐发展到支持语音、数据、图像等多种媒体流业务的历程。图2-1 无线通信技术演进路径上图中有两条主线,第一条是蜂窝通信的发展主线,蜂窝通信技术从1G、2G向WCDMA、TD-SCDMA、CDMA2000等3G技术再经过LTE并最终向4G发展;第二条线涵盖了WLAN、Wi-Fi、WiMax等技术的发展。这些技术都是朝向宽带化、移动化、全IP化和高速率

41、的方向发展。2.4 各个技术热点的简单介绍下面对于目前比较热门的几大无线通信技术做一下简单的介绍。2.4.1 3G“3G”(英语 3rd-generation)或“三代”是第三代移动通信技术的简称,是指支持高速数据传输的蜂窝移动通讯技术。3G服务能够同时传送声音(通话)及数据信息(电子邮件、即时通信等),其代表特征是,能提供高速的数据业务,速率一般在几百kbps以上。目前3G存在四种标准:CDMA2000,WCDMA,TD-SCDMA以及WiMax。先说下我国的3G。2009年1月7日14:30,工业和信息化部为中国移动、中国电信和中国联通,分别发放了一张第三代移动通信(3G)牌照,此举标志着

42、我国正式进入3G时代。其中,批准:中国移动增加基于TD-SCDMA技术制式的3G牌照(TD-SCDMA为我国拥有自主产权的3G技术标准);中国电信增加基于CDMA2000技术制式的3G牌照;中国联通增加了基于WCDMA技术制式的3G牌照。(1)TD-SCDMA全称为Time Division-Synchronous CDMA(时分同步CDMA),该标准是由中国独自制定的3G标准,于1999年6月29日,中国原邮电部电信科学技术研究院(即现在的大唐电信)向国际电信联盟ITU提出,但该技术的发明始于西门子公司。TD-SCDMA具有辐射低的特点,被誉为绿色3G。该标准将智能无线、同步CDMA和软件无

43、线电等当今国际领先技术融于其中,在频谱利用率、对业务支持、频率灵活性及成本等方面的独特优势。另外,由于中国内地庞大的市场,该标准受到各大主要电信设备厂商的重视,全球一半以上的设备厂商都宣布可以支持TD-SCDMA标准。该标准提出不经过2.5代的中间环节,直接向3G过渡,非常适用于GSM系统向3G升级。军用通信网也是TD-SCDMA的核心任务。(2)W-CDMA也称为WCDMA,全称为Wideband CDMA,也称为CDMA Direct Spread,意为宽频分码多重存取,这是基于GSM网发展出来的3G技术规范,是欧洲提出的宽带CDMA技术,它与日本提出的宽带CDMA技术基本相同,目前正在进

44、一步融合。W-CDMA的支持者主要是以GSM系统为主的欧洲厂商,日本公司也或多或少参与其中,包括欧美的爱立信、阿尔卡特、诺基亚、朗讯、北电,以及日本的NTT、富士通、夏普等厂商。该标准提出了GSM(2G)GPRSEDGEWCDMA(3G)的演进策略。这套系统能够架设在现有的GSM网络上,对于系统提供商而言可以较轻易地过渡。预计在GSM系统相当普及的亚洲,对这套新技术的接受度会相当高,因此W-CDMA具有先天的市场优势。(3)CDMA2000CDMA2000是由窄带CDMA(CDMA IS95)技术发展而来的宽带CDMA技术,也称为CDMA Multi-Carrier,它是由美国高通北美公司为主

45、导提出,摩托罗拉、Lucent和后来加入的韩国三星都有参与,韩国现在成为该标准的主导者。这套系统是从窄频CDMAOne数字标准衍生出来的,可以从原有的CDMAOne结构直接升级到3G,建设成本低廉。但目前使用CDMA的地区只有日、韩和北美,所以CDMA2000的支持者不如W-CDMA多。不过CDMA2000的研发技术却是目前各标准中进度最快的,许多3G手机已经率先面世。该标准提出了从CDMA IS95(2G)CDMA20001xCDMA20003x(3G)的演进策略。CDMA20001x被称为2.5代移动通信技术。CDMA20003x与CDMA20001x的主要区别在于应用了多路载波技术,通过

46、采用三载波使带宽提高。目前中国电信正在采用这一方案向3G过渡,并已建成了CDMA IS95网络。(4)WiMaxWiMax的全名是微波存取全球互通(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access),又称为802.16无线城域网,是一种为企业和家庭用户提供“最后一英里”的宽带无线连接方案。将此技术与需要授权或免授权的微波设备相结合之后,由于成本较低,将扩大宽带无线市场,改善企业与服务供应商的认知度。2007年10月19日,在国际电信联盟在日内瓦举行的无线通信全体会议上,经过多数国家投票通过,WiMax正式被批准成为继WCDMA、CDMA2000和T

47、D-SCDMA之后的第四个全球3G标准。WiMax构建于高级无线技术,正交频分多访问(OFDMA)和多个输入/多个输出(MIMO)智能天线技术这两个关键高级无线技术加入WiMax标准后,有效地提高了吞吐量和覆盖范围。尤其是MIMO技术在高干扰环境中的应用,如中心城市等。2.4.2 UWBUWB(Ultra-Wideband)超宽带,此技术可追溯至19世纪,一开始使用的是脉冲无线电技术。后来由Intel等大公司提出了应用了UWB的MB-OFDM技术方案,由于两种方案的截然不同,而且各自都有强大的阵营支持,制定UWB标准的802.15.3a工作组没能在两者中决出最终的标准方案,于是将其交由市场解决

48、。至今UWB还在争论之中。UWB具有以下特点: 抗干扰性能强。UWB采用跳时扩频信号,系统具有较大的处理增益,在发射时将微弱的无线电脉冲信号分散在宽阔的频带中,输出功率甚至低于普通设备产生的噪声。接收时将信号能量还原出来,在解扩过程中产生扩频增益。因此,在同等码速条件下,UWB具有更强的抗干扰性。传输速率高。UWB的数据速率可以达到几十Mbits到几百Mbits,有望高于蓝牙100倍,也可以高于IEEE80211a和IEEE80211b。带宽极宽。UWB使用的带宽在1GHz以上,高达几个GHz。超宽带系统容量大,并且可以和目前的窄带通信系统同时工作而互不干扰。这在频率资源日益紧张的今天,开辟了一种新的时域无线电资源。 消耗电能小。通常情况下,无线通信系统在通信时需要连续发射载波,因此要消耗一定电能。而UWB不使用载波,只是发出瞬间脉冲电波,也就是直接按0和1发送出去,并且在需要时才发送脉冲电波,所以消耗电能小。保密性好。UWB保密性表现在两方面:一方面是采用跳时扩频,接收机只有已知发送端扩频码时,才能解出发射数据;另一方面是系统的发射功率谱密度极低,用传统的接收机无法接收。2.4.3 RFIDRFID(Radio Frequency Identification),即射频识别,俗称电子标签。这是一种非接触式的自动识别技术,它通过射频信号自动识别目

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