1、摘 要随着社会经济的发展和科学技术的进步,中国的企业处于一个充满机会和危险的阶段。本文介绍了中小型企业战略财务管理的意义和存在的问题,并阐述了出现问题的原因,最后提出了一些对策。关键词:中小企业,战略财务管理,问题,对策财务环境决定了一个企业的金融活动充满不确定性风险。财务管理除了带来机会,还有许多的危险。因此,它已经成为了成功的关键,一个企业的财务管理是否能跟随趋势的变化,分析什么是有用的,并应拒绝接受什么是有害的。战略管理思想在企业的财务管理中是非常重要的,因为我们必须努力去分析和把握一般环境和发展一个企业的发展趋势,从而提高适应能力、可变性和适用性的金融中心管理不确定环境。目前, 已有超
2、过10,000,000中小型企业通过了工商业登记,占中国企业总数的90。因此,他们的战略财务管理是特别重要的,这也是本文的话题。1 简介 战略财务管理是指根据财务管理理论应在最适当的方式进行融资,募集资金使用和管理应作出最合理最有效的方式在企业和再投资和利润分配的决定。根据其内涵,我们可以归纳出三个主要的战略财务管理的内容,包括融资战略,投资策略及利润分配策略。详情如下:融资策略高度发达的现代企业具有的销售急剧增长的特点。当面对这样一种局势, 企业往往有很大的资金需求,以及由于存货及应收款项增加。销售增长的张力越大,资本要求越大。因此, 战略管理财务在融资策略中具有十分重要的意义。融资策略的功
3、能在于明确的指导方针融资、铺设融资目标下,建立整体规模、融资渠道和方法,安排战略资本结构优化方案,从各方面对此作了相应的对策,以达到融资目标,最后预测和收集的大量资金的企业的需要。投资策略作为战略财务管理的核心,这个战略决定企业是否可以在一个合理和有效的方式或不调配其资金和资源。投资策略涉及确认固定资产,企业规模和资本规模,对外扩张或内部扩张,改革旧的产品或开发新的,独立或联合行动的相关投资选择的投资方向,投资与自我资金或贷款,并决定对固定资产和流动资产,投资策略与风险和那些在通胀之间的比例。利润分配决策策略这个策略,包括管理资本收益和设立股份奖金分配制度, 主要涉及企业放在一边,从长远来看再
4、现扩大规模的比例,改善员工的福利,他们的生活水平。利润分配策略的目的是满足需求的发展和提高企业核心竞争力的基础上有关投资战略和融资战略中的股本。同时,实施这一战略时,企业有望建立人才为本的分配政策,探索有效的方法来应用这些重要的元素,如知识,技术,专利和管理利润分配当然。2 我国中小企业战略财务管理的问题目前,一些常见的问题包括:2.1 缺乏科学规范的财务策略不少企业只追求有一个大的规模,或购买大量的土地而忽略资产结构配置,或没有合理安排其资本。他们缺乏财务策略,更别去提到实施。至于其他的影响,分析了其战略财务管理,最大的影响是由于他们不科学和不规范的策略,具有以下特点:第一,他们的战略企业财
5、务目标的总体离开他们的财务策略;第二,被认为相当于金融计划,因此忽视的综合性金融策略;第三,金融方案不是根据他们的企业的长期目标,因此有很大的随机性。2.2 忽视战略环境分析,并有不合理的战略性的财务目标战略环境分析既是财务策略的基础,也是保障实施。它包括内部和外部环境分析与前者的存在内部基础和实施依据建立的财务策略。目前,很多中小企业没有实现战略环境的重要性,建立和推行的金融战略和因此未能有适当的分析,特别是其战略金融环境的内部环境。作为结果,它们不现实的和不合理的策略限制了他们的财政策略有效实施。2.3 缺少战略性的财务预算执行预算主要体现在两个方面发挥其作用,在战略财务执行。首先,它进一
6、步澄清,并指定金融战略的想法,以便理解和全体员工进行。预算可以帮助将战略目标转化为企业的每一个部分,甚至每一位员工。此外,共同执行任务时,所有区域的所有员工将有更好的合作和相互沟通。其次,预算也为企业的日常操作和性能提供了一个标准。一个定量的财务预算目标,实际执行可与预算揭示的目标和现实之间的差距,并采取有效的对策。现在,大多数中小型企业在中国有没有系统,完整的预算由销售预算,生产成本预算,一般间接费用预算,损失及开支预算和现金预算等系统。即使一些有这样的系统,它的短缺的精打细算并严格执行也减少预算以及实施财务战略的作用。2.4 企业的财务管理中存在的问题现在,一些中小型企业财务管理中的问题也
7、制约了其金融战略的建立和实施。一些主要问题如下。过时的想法,不清楚职责分工和混乱的管理。企业不知道企业管理应以财务管理为基础,并应在财务管理中心资本管理;企业家和财务人员的缺乏科学的、先进的财务观念包括时间值、风险价值,边际成本、机会成本和认识不足有关经济管理的理论和方法导致职责分工不明,混乱的管理,无能的监控、虚假会计信息等。大量财务计算,包括简化会计程序,保持重开帐户除了授权,采用不规则检查性质和现金,没有定期检查他们的银行存款、债权债务导致他们的账实不符和物品或资金,有前途的奖金和盲目逃税发放奖金在纳税。融资困难,主要体现在渠道和规模不足融资渠道无序融资的命令。目前,大多数中小企业面临极
8、大的困难,获得短期贷款,更不用说长远的问题。81%的企业没有足够的流动资金等。贷款期的时间越长,他们从他们的贷款真的可以利用更少的钱。在一项调查中显示,60.5的企业有没有获得长期贷款,在那些谁能够真正得到这样的贷款,16的企业的需求得到充分满足,部分达成52.7,31.2没有达成(黄,2008年)。糟糕的财务控制。首先,松散的现金管理往往会造成无效或不足的资金。为一些企业,更多的现金,越好。因此,一大笔钞票不是分配到操作,未能发挥作用它的作用;对于一些人,他们的现金是对不动产超支,因此未能处理一些紧急用途。第二,应收账款周转缓慢造成极大的困难,恢复资本甚至坏帐。第三,控制在股票很差。许多企业
9、都有一个股票的周转资金的两倍多,导致失败,在资金周转。第四,太多的注意力被放在钱而不是性质,造成严重浪费的资产。事实上,不少小中小企业缺乏有效的管理是他们的原料、半成品、固定资产等等, 资产浪费结果是相当严重的。3 中小型的中国企业的战略财务管理产生这些问题的原因3.1 僵硬的管理模式、管理理念落后、管理者的质量较差目前,大多数中小企业特别是那些私人的高度统一使用所有权的文件管理权利,投资者就是经理,他的权力不只局限于任何情况。没有职责分工明确和严格的规定,这些管理者不体现成一个有效的财务管理公司管理体系,更不用说财务策略对于企业的一个重要组成部分总体策略,从而减轻其意义和功能。这些管理者不相
10、信战略但是很好运气,而血脉不系统,解决关键的手续,但是,管理,技术和市场。特别是那些企业开创市场商机,不宜环境是主要侵犯者。此外,管理者的质量差也是一个重要的失败原因的财务策略。众所周知,大多数经营者在中小型中国企业综合素质差、不足的管理经验和效率较低,因为他们没有经历过的任何系统学习管理理论与特殊的专业培训。因此,他们不能够有合理的预测、决策、预算、控制,分析和评价相结合自身特点和市场,金融环境的分析放下适用、可行的融资策略、投资以及利润分配或完全实现财政预算的重要性,所以实施有效控制以服务他们的总体目标企业的发展战略以一种更好的方式。3.2 缺乏独立的多种渠道的融资体系多变的市场、经营风险
11、较大,所以财务指标造成大量的债务和高融资成本,因此导致企业的较低的信用。此外,他们的信用也受到他们的选操作过程、非财务报告,以及信息不对称,从而使实现融资困难的目标。从融资体系的角度看,这些企业缺乏独立融资体系多元化的渠道已大大限制了其融资策略。首先,有没有国家机构或协助中小型企业的优惠政策,与他们的管理层,导致其不利的融资情况。其次,由于这些企业的私人性质,一些银行贷款的刚性需求,因为一些传统观念和行政干预。第三,有没有足够多的金融机构和贷款担保机构,专门为中小型企业服务。第四,大多数中小企业没有直接融资的权限,也不能发行股票或债券。主板市场是无法和第二板市场是有风险的。3.3 投资能力差,
12、缺乏可行性研究中小企业注册资本不足,有限的经营资本,于是穷人投资的能力只关注短期目标收回投资,他们不得不依靠简单再生产来代替扩张的一个。此外,无任何特殊机构市场分析、投资活动的人根据他们的观念,因此无法预测未来。这些决策者通常不能有一个总体的把握市场经济的特点、原则或继续合理的经济利益与他们的正常工作资本市场。他们可怜的能力也反映在短缺的一些可行性研究他们的收缩和扩展战略,如何选择融资渠道及结构,如何建立一个新的投资方向等等。所有这些极大地影响的制定和实施企业战略的财务目标。3.4 不完整的内部控制制度导致无效的控制不完整的内部控制体系通常存在于中小型企业,这是深刻地体现在没有或只是不完整的内
13、部控制制度,因此从制度上不能有效地约束自己的经济行为。很多企业没有内部审计部门,以保证他们的金融体系严格执行。即使一些建立这样一个部门,缺乏独立性,可能导致内部控制执行不力。因此,财务管理以及财务策略会受到很大的影响。4 我国中小企业的对策针对上述问题,在当前中小型中国企业的主要原因是他们的内部原因和外部环境的影响。因此,应采取一些有效的措施从以下几个方面。4.1 建立正确的财务目标与企业的战略意义一个企业的财务目标不仅是它的努力的方向,而且有效的标准衡量其财务决策是对还是错。适当的目标是非常有益的一个企业的总体战略目标的实现。生存、盈利和发展的基本目标是任何企业,企业价值最大化应被看作是财务
14、目标。引导实现这个目标,将建立企业财务管理的中心地位,在整个企业管理首先,强调管理的融资、投资和利润赚,把他们的偿债能力、经营、利润收益和发展和指导等方面的生产和资本运营控制他们的资本、成本、利润等。要求企业必须遵循战略管理的目标和中心竞争优势战略管理的关系处理企业的利益和社会利益的关系、企业与企业之间的总体效益和部门的人以及长远利益和短期之间的重要性,完全实现了战略管理在企业的发展和重要作用进行财务策略。因此,它是前提的实施财务策略,建立了牢固的战略意义。此外,一些现代管理理念,必须制定相关等风险,时间价值、现金流量、知识效益与人才的价值。4.2 采用预算控制,保证财务策略的有效实施预算控制
15、是保证财务目标转换成具体的行动计划和实施关键点。首先,应编制各种财务预算,包括销售,生产成本,一般间接费用,资本性支出,损失和现金,在一个科学,合理的财务战略和财务预测的基础上。在编制预算时,应根据销售预测,预先计算可能在未来的销售期间的销售,然后对生产成本和一般间接费用后,创建损耗预算根据相关销售预算和成本预算的编列预算根据预算资本开支及亏损以及现金预算。接下来,预算指标可以解体,被分配到每一个节或个人,明确责任和义务,责任意识和热情,可以鼓励。第三,预算应遵循严格的财务战略的实施也不例外。最后,应根据战略环境的变化和新的发展战略的要求做一些调整。4.3 创造良好的战略环境,并强调环境分析为
16、中小企业的战略环境不仅影响其融资但坚固和实施他们的财政策略。因此,它是很重要的营造良好的战略环境和强调环境的分析。尽管一系列的国家政策,鼓励,引导和支持中小型企业在中国的发展,为他们的发展需要内部和外部环境将大大改善。因此,中国应该做出更多的努力发展本地小型或中型规模的银行和金融代理,建立金融体系,有利于这些企业的发展,建立完善有效的贷款担保体系,帮助这些企业,提供机会他们发行的股票或债券,扩大直接融资渠道,鼓励发展风险投资,促进企业专门在高,新技术的发展,通过完善的机构和组织建设,加强对这些企业的支持,财务代理,设立基金,以支持其发展。对于企业自行提供,他们应该尝试提高自己的素质,加强他们的
17、信用观念,提高他们的信用,以及创造良好的信用环境。总之,政府、社会、企业的共同努力,应该依靠营造良好的金融环境,这些中小企业。此外,这些企业也应该充分意识到环境的重要性,为他们的财务策略尝试建立科学、合理、可行的战略目标,并保障其有效实施进一步加强环境分析和改进他们的决策能力。4.4 建立金融危机预警系统,有效控制财务风险融危机预警系统是一个非常重要的手段去控制财务风险,实现战略财务目标为中小企业。通过收集一些信息在相关的产业政策和市场竞争,设置,观察一些敏感性指标和从业人员预警模型, 通过这样一个系统,为企业提供信号,帮助他们采取有效的预防措施,以避免金融危机。关键是要解决预警指标和限制在建
18、立预警系统。这些指标预先警报的主要涉及现金,流动比率、债务、操作、信用、营业额、投资、成本、收益和环境等等。主要有两个模式:单变量或多变量的模型。企业应该根据自身不同的条件建立自己的预警系统,以现实控制财务风险。5 结论综上所述,涉及到企业的外部条件和内部条件时,要充分考虑他们建立自己的财务策略。由于他们的不同特点,中小企业必须建立自己的财务管理策略,而不能模仿大型企业。文献来源:刘宗胜, 中小型企业的战略财务管理J.国际商业与管理杂志.2010.2Literature sources:Zongsheng Liu.Strategic Financial Management in Small
19、and Medium-SizedEnterprisesJ. International Journal of Business and Management.2010.2Strategic Financial Management in Small and Medium-Sized EnterprisesZongsheng LiuFebruary 2010Abstract: Along with the development of social economy and the progress of science and technology, Chinese enterprises ar
20、e being in a stage filled with opportunities and dangers. This paper introduces the connotation and significance of strategic financial management, elaborates the problems in the financial strategies conducted by small and medium-sized enterprises together with the causes and proposes some counterme
21、asures finally.Keywords: Small and medium-sized enterprises, Strategic financial management, Problems, Countermeasures The uncertainty of an enterprises financial environment fills its financial activities with risks. In addition to opportunities, quite a lot of dangers arise from time to time in it
22、s financial management. Therefore, it has become thkey to the success of an enterprises financial management whether it can keep track of the trends of changes and absorbe what is useful while rejecting what is harmful. Strategic management ideas are significant in enterprises financial management s
23、ince we must make efforts to analyze and grasp the general environment and development tendency of an enterprise and therefore to improve the adaptability, changeability and applicability of financial management to uncertain environment. Currently, over 10,000,000 small and medium-sized enterprises
24、have passed the industrial and commercial registration, taking up 90% of the total enterprises in China. Accordingly, their strategic financial management is of particular importance, which is also the topic of this paper.1 IntroductionStrategic financial management refers to financial management th
25、eories according to which financing should be conducted in the most proper way, the collected capital should be utilized and managed in the most effective way in enterprises and decisions on the reinvestment and distribution of profits should be made most reasonably. According to its connotation, we
26、 can sum up the three main contents of strategic financial management, including financing strategy, investment strategy and profit-distribution strategy. Details are as follows: Financing strategyHighly developed modern enterprises are characterized by sharp growth in sales. When faced up with such
27、 a situation, enterprises tend to have great demands for capital since stocks and receivables are increased as well. The greater the tension of sales growth is, the greater capital demands will be. Therefore, financing strategy is of significance in strategic financial management. The functions of f
28、inancing strategy lie in clarifying the guidelines for financing, laying down financing objectives, establishing the overall scale, channels and methods of financing, arranging strategic schemes of capital structure optimization, laying down relevant countermeasures in order to achieve the financing
29、 objectives, and finally predicting and collecting the amount of capital the enterprise needs.Investment strategyAs the core of strategic financial management, this strategy determines whether an enterprise can allocate its capital and resources in a reasonable and effective way or not. Investment s
30、trategy involves the confirmation of the investment direction of fixed assets, corporate scale and capital scale, the investment choices related to external expansion or internal expansion, the reform of old products or the development of new ones, independent or joint operation, investment with sel
31、f-capital or with loans and decisions on the percentage between fixed assets and current assets, investment strategies with risks and those during inflation.Profit-distribution strategyThis strategy, including the management of capital gains and the establishment of stock bonus distribution, mainly
32、deals with the proportion an enterprise puts aside in a long run for reproduction on an expanded scale, improvement of employees welfare and their living standards. Profit-distribution strategy is intended to satisfy the demands for equity capital in the development and improvement of enterprises co
33、re competitiveness based on relevant investment strategy and financing strategy. Meanwhile, when carrying out this strategy, enterprises are expected to establish talent-oriented distribution policies by exploring effective methods to apply those important elements such as knowledge, technique, pate
34、nt and management to the profit-distribution course.2 Problems in Strategic Financial Management of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in ChinaCurrently, some common problems include:2.1 Lacking in Scientific and Standardized Financial StrategiesQuite a few enterprises are pursuing only a large scal
35、e, or purchasing a large amount of land while neglecting asset structure allocation, or having no reasonable arrangement for its capital. They have no financial strategies at all, not to mention their implementation. As for some others, the effect of their strategic financial management is greatly a
36、ffected due to their unscientific and irregular strategies, which are characterized by the following features: first, their strategic financial aims depart from their enterprises overall ones; second, financial strategies are regarded equal to financial plans, hence neglecting the comprehensiveness
37、of financial strategies; third, financial strategies are not made based on their enterprises long-term goals and therefore have great randomness.2.2 Neglecting Strategic Environment Analysis and Having Unreasonable Strategic Financial GoalsStrategic environment analysis is both the foundation of fin
38、ancial strategies and the guarantee for its implementation. It includes internal and external environment analysis with the former being the internal foundation and implementation basis for the establishment of financial strategies. At present, quite a lot of small and medium enterprises havent real
39、ized the importance of strategic environment for the establishment and implementation of financial strategies and accordingly failed to have proper analysis on their strategic financial environment especially its internal environment. As a result, their unpractical and unreasonable strategies have r
40、estricted the effective implementation of their financial strategies.2.3 Lessening the Role of Budgeting in Strategic Financial ImplementationBudgeting mainly exerts its role in strategic financial implementation in two aspects. First, it further clarifies and specifies strategic financial ideas so
41、as to be understood and conducted by all the staff. Budgeting can help to divide strategic goals into every section of an enterprise and even every employee. In addition, when implementing a task jointly, all sections an all employees will have better cooperation and communication with each other. S
42、econd, budgeting also provides a standard for an enterprises daily operation and performance. With a quantitative financial goal set in budget, the actual implementation can be compared with the budget to reveal the disparity between the goal and the reality and take effective countermeasures. Now,
43、most small and medium enterprises in China have no systematic and complete budget system made up of sales budget, production cost budget, general indirect cost budget, loss and expense budge and cash budget and so on. Even if some have such a system, its shortage of careful budgeting and strict impl
44、ementation also lessens the role of budgeting as well as the implementation of financial strategies.2.4 Problems in Enterprises Financial ManagementNow, some problems in small and medium enterprises financial management have also restricted the establishment and implementation of their financial str
45、ategies. Some main problems are as follows.Obsolete ideas, unclear duty division and disordered management. Enterprises have no idea of “corporatemanagement should be based on financial management and financial management should center on capital management; entrepreneurs and financial staffs lack o
46、f scientific and advanced financial ideas including time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost and insufficient knowledge about financial management theories and methods have resulted in unclear duty division, disordered management, ineffective monitor, false accounting information and
47、so on.Extensive financial calculation, including simplifying accounting procedures at will, keeping additional accounts in addition to the authorized one, adopting irregular check of properties and cash, having no regular check of their bank deposits, claims and debts which cause their accounts inco
48、nsistent with items or funds, blindly promising bonuses and evading taxes by distributing bonuses before paying taxes.Difficult financing, mainly manifested in insufficient channels and scales of financing channels as well as disordered financing orders. Currently, most small and medium enterprises
49、are faced with great difficulty in gaining short-term loans, not to mention long-term ones. 81% of all enterprises have no enough current funds for their operation. The longer the periods of loans are, the less money they can really utilize from their loans. As is shown in a survey, 60.5% enterprises have no access to long-term loans, among those who