1、毕业论文：外文翻译学生姓名：陈崎 定稿时间：2012-5-9外文翻译之一Factors for success in rural tourism tourism development作者： Suzanne Wilson, Daniel R.Fesenmaier, Julie Fesenmaier and John C,Van Es国籍：US出处：Journal of Travel Research原文正文： Since the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities economi
2、c development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has bee
3、n tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of tourisms ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entr
4、epreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot wor
5、k without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism. Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communitieseconomic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plan
6、ts and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing j
7、obs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois fou
8、nd that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993). These changes limited rural communities economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themse
9、lves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their di
10、stinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tou
11、rism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains,
12、 rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on wh
13、ether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areasthose directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions
14、 and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless
15、, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful. Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a co
16、mmunity; (2) promotion: the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the v
17、arious retail businesses needed to take care of tourists needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components. While t
18、he above components and a communitys assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilit
19、ate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description
20、of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism busine
21、ss, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its
22、name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks) directly involved in t
23、ourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneo
24、usly competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community d
25、evelopment of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rura
26、l tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).乡村旅游发展成功因素作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔朱莉和约翰国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社中文译文： 20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。乡村旅游及其相关产业发展策略因其为社会带来的资金收入、增加就业机会及支持零售增长的功能而成为时下最流行的非传统农业发展策略之一。本研究的目的是确定和审查这些因素，帮助农村社区
27、成功走上发展旅游业的创业道路。几个重点群体在伊利诺斯六个农村社区与当地商人和领导人进行了实验。结果清楚地表明重要的社区不是直接就是间接地参与到了乡村旅游的开发中。 20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机的发生已严重阻碍了农村经济的发展，经济结构的调整导致了乡村农业生产力和就业岗位的减少。20世纪80年代在中西部发生的农业危机也导致了农民和重组制农场的减少，迫使一些农户为增加收入而参与非农工作，或离开农场，或宣布破产。农场的危机和制造工作的丢失对农村社区产生了重大的影响。随着农村失业率高于城市水平，实际的收入增长停滞在农村地区（希尔和瑞德1992）。许多商店和农业从农村小城镇消失，毫不奇
28、怪，1992年伊利诺斯州的调查表明，39%的农村居民认为他们的经济前景将恶化（沃尔泽1993）。 这些变化限制了农村社区的经济发展方案，使旧式的发展战略例如制造业的可行性降低，并迫使许多人寻找非传统的方式来维持生活。其中最流行的非传统的农村发展战略当属旅游及其相关的创业机会（艾基尔和哈博1993；鲁洛夫等人。1994）。农村地区因其神秘独特的文化，历史，民族和地理特征而对游客产生了特殊的吸引力，（艾基尔和哈博1993）。乡村旅游比起其他的农村经济发展战略例如制造业相对来说开发成本较低且建立较容易。乡村旅游的发展可以带动制造等的发展。乡村旅游可以与其所在地的地方政府和小型企业共同发展，但它的发展
29、并不一定依赖于外部企业或公司。虽然旅游在某些中心地区的发展需要较大的成本投入或者涉及大公司和连锁企业，但是乡村旅游却可以在较少的信贷投资，人员培训和少量资本情况下得到发展。因此，乡村旅游相比较其他的经济发展策略可以在较少投入花费情况下得以发展。此外，乡村旅游不需要涉及依赖外部公司以及他们是否在同一区域的决定。乡村旅游为一些因人口少而可能无法留在农村社区的小公司提供了保障。旅游特别有助于两种类型的小型企业，在农村地区直接参与（例如，旅游景点和酒店、汽车旅馆）和间接参与旅游的企业（例如，加油站和杂货店）。此外，乡村旅游与现有的乡镇企业如农场（例如，采场）发展较好并且可以为家庭农场产生第二收入（奥普
30、曼1996）。尽管有这些好处，其可行性作为一个经济发展战略，乡村旅游，在一些农村地区业有缺点（luloff等人。19941989）。如农村制造，它可以使得农村社区之间互相竞争。旅游业的就业，像许多其他服务部门，仍然是美国最低工资支付阶梯（1989）。旅游及和它相关的工作的生产利润往往是季节性的，一年中只有部分。然而，乡村旅游对于农村社区仍然是少数可行的经济选择。像其他的经济发展战略一样，乡村旅游的成功需要若干部分的组成。 旅游开发涉及（1）景点：社区内自然和人为的功能分区；（2）推广：一个社区和旅游景点的潜在游客的营销；（3） 旅游设施：设施（公路，机场，火车，公共汽车），水和电力服务，停车场
31、，标志，及娱乐设施；（4）服务：住宿，餐饮，和各种零售企业需要照顾的游客的需要；（5）餐饮：游客在旅游企业和旅游景点被社区居民和雇员如何对待（甘1988）。除上述列表外，还有旅游企业家促进了旅游的开发。虽然上述成分和社区资产对于旅游开发是十分重要的，只有广泛的参与和贡献，乡村旅游企业家确保广泛的基础，乡村旅游才能成功的发展。研究文学出现了关于如何最好地促进旅游业的发展的研究。一个绘制大量的经济试图的文献，认为对旅游业及其相关的创业机会最好的帮助是建立个人企业，让他们在市场上竞争这一观点，但是，一直精益求精，因为它把旅游业及相关企业及其问题作为孤立的大社区；它不承认相互依存，不同的部门和行动者共
32、同参与旅游；（6）多数旅游小企业，特别是在农村地区，没有资源，实现自身或社会旅游产品的开发（甘1988；1985；帕和bejou1995）。反对这一观点的是社区旅游业发展的企业家（莫非1985）。顾名思义，该方法认为，旅游是一个社区和产品，随着旅游企业创业技能的发展，以及当地社区（例如，当地的领导和正式或非正式网络）直接参与旅游的开发和促销的努力（莫非1985）。而社区的办法可能是一种有效的方式，推动旅游业的发展，创造了必要的共同合作，合作是一个复杂而艰难的过程。企业资源共享的同时，也有竞争的要求。地方政府可以看到合作发展旅游业是有风险的，或者他们可能担心失去地方决策的控制（黄和斯图尔特199
33、6；贾马尔和盖茨1995）。了解这些问题，合作研究这些因素，对于社区旅游业的发展是必要的。本研究的目的是确定和审查这些因素，帮助农村社区成功发展旅游业,创造创业机会。本研究额外进行了对在乡村旅游发展中的乡村旅游企业家，一个被忽视的群体的研究（斯托科夫斯基1990）。外文翻译之二Rural Tourism and Economic Development作者： Martha Frederick 国籍：U.S出处：SAGE Publication 原文正文：Tourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews
34、three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectiveseconomic, sociological, psychological, and anthropological. Ryans book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism; tourist experience; and marketing. Michal Smith details the negative affects
35、of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States. Finally, Valene Smiths book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and
36、costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development.Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of local economic developme
37、nt strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant cl
38、imate or sites of historic or natural interest. More important, tourism strategies mesh with the current political philosophy and budget realities of minimizing government involvement and investment. The accommodations, restaurants, and entertainment activities that necessarily accompany tourism are
39、 assumed to be provided by the private sector. Critics of tourism as a development strategy cite its low-paying and dead-end jobs, its degradation of the local natural environment, and its potential corruption of local culture and customs. Further, not every jurisdiction in need of jobs and a tax ba
40、se has tourism potential.The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on the local economy; however, economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel. Ant
41、hropologists major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the complete definition of tourism includes the economic, social, anthrop
42、ological, and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by Va
43、lene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourisms role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cul
44、tural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast.Benefits of tourismPerhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for communities with minimal public resources. Most communities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town clea
45、nup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist accommodations.Second, tourism is a relatively easy-to-understand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pr
46、ide leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists. Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty, pleasant climates, or clean air. Tourism development uses
47、these resources, which are “free” in the sense that the tourism industry has not paid for them. In some cases, these natural resources would have small economic value without tourism development. Mieczkowske cites the Alps, “dying” fishing or mill towns of New England and the Canadian Maritime provi
48、nces, and Caribbean islands as places where tourism has given economic value to natural amenities. Thus tourism can have a positive economic effect in such areas of otherwise low economic productivity.Third, decades of experience in smokestack chasing has been disappointing for many communities. The competition for manufacturing plants is intense and as long as manufacturing employment continues its downward trend, competition for the remaining plants will only increase. Also, tourism is perceived as a cleaner industry for the environment than is manufactu
陕公网安备 61072602000132号 违法和不良信息举报：0916-4228922