1、外文出处： Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm 附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。关键词：建筑环境 暖通空调 能耗浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗能源为经济的发展提供了动力，但是由于各种原因，能源的发展往往滞后于经济的发展。近几年，中国的国民生产总值的增长率维持在约10，但是能源的增长率只有34。这样的形势要求我们必须节能。建筑能源消耗在社
2、会总能耗中的比例较大，发达国家的建筑用能一般占到全国总能耗的3040；中国采暖区的城镇人口虽然只占全国人口的13.6，但是采暖用能却占全国总能耗的9.6。建筑节能是建筑发展的基本趋势，也是当代建筑科学技术的一个新的生长点。现代建筑的必要组成部分暖通空调领域也已经收到这种趋势的影响，暖通空调系统中的节能正在引起暖通空调工作者的注意，并且针对不同的国家、地区的能源特点和不同建筑的采暖、通风、空调要求发展者相关的节能技术。研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。 暖通空调能耗的组成 为了创造舒适的室内空调环境，必须消耗大量的能源。暖通空调能耗是建筑能耗中
3、的大户，居统计在发达国家中暖通空调能耗占建筑能耗的65，以建筑能耗占总能耗的356计算，暖通空调能耗占总能耗的比例竟高达22.75，由此可见建筑节能工作的重点应该是暖通空调的节能。从暖通空调的能耗组成可以看出：暖通空调系统的能耗主要决定于空调冷、热负荷的确定和空调系统的合理配置，空调系统的布置和空调设备的选择是以空调负荷为依据的。所以暖通空调节能的关键是空调外界负荷和内部负荷的确定，而暖通空调节能工作也应该从这个方面着手，合理布置建筑物的位置，正确选择外墙、门、窗、屋顶的形状及材料等，尽量减少空调负荷。 室内环境的影响暖通空调的目标是为人们提供舒适的生活和生产室内热环境，主要包括：室内空气温度
4、、空气湿度、气流速度以及人体与周围环境（包括四壁、地面、顶棚等）之间的辐射换热（简称环境热辐射）等。在一般的舒适性空调中，以能够使人体保持平衡而满足人们的舒适感觉为目的；在恒温恒湿或有洁净要求的工艺性空调中，一切以满足生产工艺为目标。而房屋的建筑热工设计是恰当地利用房屋维护结构的热导性，抵抗室外气候的变化，使房间内产生舒适的微气候。围护结构暖通空调负荷的影响围护结构包括外围结构和内围护结构。外围护结构主要包括屋面、外墙和窗户（包括阳台门等）；内围护结构主要包括地面、顶棚、内隔墙等。在采暖建筑中，围护结构的传热热损失占总的热损失的比例是较大的，以4个单元6层的砖墙、混凝土楼板的典型多层建筑为例，
5、在北京地区，通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的77（其中外墙25，窗户24，楼梯间隔墙11，屋面9，阳台门下部3，地面2）；通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占23；在哈尔滨地区，通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的71（其中外墙28，窗户28，屋面9，阳台门下部1，外门1，地面4）；通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占29。由此可见改善围护结构的热工性能对于暖通空调节能具有重要意义。建筑规划设计对暖通空调节能的影响规划设计时建筑节能设计的重要方面，规划节能设计应从建设选址、分区、建筑和道路布局走向、建筑方位朝向、建筑体型、建筑间距、冬季季风主导方向、太阳辐射、建筑外部空间环境构成等方面进行
6、研究。以优化建筑的微气候环境；有利于节能，充分重视和利用太阳能、冬季主导风向、地形和地貌，利用自然因素。节能规划设计就是分析成气候的决定因素、辐射因素、大气环流因素和地理因素的有利、不利影响，通过建筑的规划布局对上述因素进行充分利用、改造，形成良好的居住条件和有利于节能的微气候环境。建筑旁边的绿化不但有防风、隔声、防尘和美化环境的作用，而且对于建筑节能也有重要作用。因为首先树木可以从根部吸收水分，同过叶面蒸发，从而降低空气温度，其次树木有很好的遮阳作用，从而使建筑物直接受到的太阳辐射及从地面得到的辐射热减少，二是树木有引导风及挡风的作用。此外，地面不但会反射太阳辐射，而且其本身辐射升高后又会成
7、为新的热辐射源。所以尽量种草、植树，避免地面土壤裸露，并减少不必要的大面积混凝土地坪对于减少空调负荷，达到节能的目的是非常重要的手段。而且清洁的室外环境对于洁净空调系统的有效运行和空调箱过滤器的寿命也是有利的。总之，建筑环境是影响暖通空调能耗的重要因素，从建筑环境着手考虑是解决暖通空调节能问题的关键，也是一种积极的节能工作作者认为应着重以下方面的工作：（1）制定相应的政策法规。制定政策法规对建筑节能工作具有指导意义，而且以法规的形式出现，一则表示政府重视和鼓励，二则可以为节能工作的开展提供法律依据。近年来国务院和有关部委也颁布了相关的建筑节能法规；此外各地方政府也根据气候条件和能源特点，制定了
8、各自的建筑节能标准和规定；但是总的来说法规和政策还有待进一步的完善。（2）推动科技的进步。暖通空调节能工作的顺利开展离不开技术的进步。国家在制定节能政策时，即指明了发展方向，同时也鼓励了技术进步。只有依靠科技的发展，不断优化能源结构和用能方式，才能够真正做到节能，创造巨大的社会效益和经济效益。（3）加强专业间的协调。建筑是各工种配合的产物，建筑专业在考虑建筑环境时，不但要从建筑功能、建筑美学等方面考虑，还要与设备工种进行配合，充分重视建筑环境、建筑材料等对暖通空调乃至建筑能耗的影响，各工种协调工作，共同完成节能设计。总之从建筑内外环境着手，不断优化建筑热功能，充分利用有利的建筑环境，必然会创造
9、出适宜的室内热环境，同时也必将有利于暖通空调节能的发展。Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warmSummary:The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of met
10、hod. Keyword:Constructing a warm of environment an air condition can consume Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm The energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but because of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually be
11、hind in economy of development.In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizens total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% s 4%.Such situations requesting us has to economize on energy.The comparison that constructs the energy depletion
12、 in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an
13、ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth ofwith the contemporary building science technique to order.The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condi
14、tion realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation,region
15、 is warm,well ventilated,the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique.The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method. Warm the air conditi
16、on can consume of constitute For creating comfortable indoor air condition environment, have to consume a great deal of energy.Warm the air condition can consume is the building can consume medium of big door, reside to statistics a warm an air condition in the flourishing nation and can consume to
17、have 65% that building can consume, canning consume to share by building always can consume of 356% calculation, warm the air condition can consume to share and always can consume of the comparison is up to 22.75% unexpectedly, be showed from this the building economy energy work of point should be
18、warm the economy energy of the air condition.The air condition can consume to constitute and can see from the warm:Warm the air condition system can consume main the decision is cold in the air condition,hot the burden really certainly installs with the reasonable of the air condition system, the de
19、coration of the air condition system and the choice of the air-condition take the air condition burden as basis of.So warm air condition economy energy of the key is the air condition the external world to carry to carry and inner part really settle, and warm air condition economy energy the work sh
20、ould also begin from this aspect, reasonable decoration building of position, the exactitude chooses the shape and material etc.s of the outside wall,door,window,roof, reducing air condition burden as far as possible.The influence of the indoor environment Warm the target of the air condition is for
21、 people to provide comfortable life and produce indoor hot environment。Take can make the human body hold the balance but satisfy peoples comfortable felling as a purpose in the general comfortable sex air condition;In the constant temperature wetly or have the craft air condition ofwith clean reques
22、t, everything takes satisfying to produce a craft as a target.But the building of the house the hot work design is the heat that the fitting land utilization uses the house maintenance structure to lead sex, resisting the variety of the outdoors weather, making comfortable tiny weather of creation i
23、nside the room.Round to protect a warm of structure the influence ofwith air condition burdenRound to protect structure to include the outer circle structure with inside round to protect structure.The outer circle protects structure to mainly include the house noodles,outside wall and window;(includ
24、e the veranda door etc.)Inside round to protect structure to mainly includein ground,crest,inside separate wall etc.In adopt the warm building, the comparison that rounds to protect structure to transmit heat hot loss to share total heat to lose is bigger, with 4 units 6 the brick wall,the concrete
25、building knothole typical model of the layers many layer buildings for example, the region in Peking, pass to round to protect structure to transmit heat hot lose about 77% of have the all hot loss;(among them outside the wall is 25%, the window is 24%, the stairs partition wall is 11%, the house no
26、odles is 9%, the veranda door the lower part is 3%, ground 2%)The air that passes the doors and windows blind side permeate hot lose to have 23% about;The region in Harbin, pass to round to protect structure to transmit heat hot lose about 71% of have the all hot loss;(among them outside the wall is
27、 28%, the window is 28%, the house noodles is 9%, the veranda door the lower part is 1%, the outside door is 1%, ground 4%)The air that passes the doors and windows blind side permeate hot lose to have 29% about.Be showed from this an improvement to round hot work function of protect the structure a
28、n air condition for the warm. The economy energy has important meaning.Influence constructed the programming design an air condition economy energy to the warm.Program a design construct the important aspect ofwith the economy energy design, programing economy energy a design should choose an addres
29、s from the construction,cent area,the building and road set up an alignment,building directions toward,building type of figure,building be apart from,winter monsoon predominance direction,the sun radiation,building the exterior space environment constitute etc. carry on a research. With excellent tu
30、rn the tiny weather environment of the building;Be advantageous to economy energy, full value and make use of the solar energy,winter predominance direction of wind,geography and geography, make use of natural factor.The design of economize on energy the programming is the beneficial and disadvantag
31、eous influence of decision factor,the radiation factor,the atmospheric-circulation factor and the geography factor that analyzes to make good, passing a building of the programming layout carries on to the above-mentioned factor full make use of,reformation, become to live a condition and be advanta
32、geous to the tiny weather environment ofwith economy energy goodly.The flank of the building of green turn to have already defended breeze and separate a voice,dust palliative and beautify environment not only of function, and for building the economy energy also has an important function. Because t
33、he tree can absorb humidity from the root first, leading leafs noodles to evaporate together, lowering the air temperature thus, secondly the tree is good hide the sun function, make thus the building be subjected to directly of the sun radiation and get from the ground of the radiation heat reduce,
34、 two is the function that the tree has leading breeze and blocks breeze.In addition, the ground will reflect the sun radiation not only, and its radiation become again after go up new of hot radiation source.So grow grass and plant trees as far as possible, avoid the ground soil bare, and reduce the
35、 otiose and big area concrete ground ping for reduce the air condition burden, the purpose that attains economy energy is a count for much means.And outdoors environment sweep for clean air condition system of valid circulate and the air condition box the life span of the filter is also beneficial.
36、In fine, the building environment is influence a warm, the air condition can consume of important factor, from construct environment to begin consideration is the key that resolves a warm an air condition economy energy a problem, is also a kind of aggressive economy energy work the author think and
37、 should emphasize a following work:(1)the establishment correspond of policy laws.Draw up the policy laws to economize on energy a work to have meaning of instruction to the building, and is appear with the form of the laws, on then meaning a government a value and encouraging, two can work for the
38、economy energy of open an exhibition to provide law a basis.In recent years State Department with relevant department the also promulgated a related building economy energy laws;In addition each local government also according to the weather condition and the energy characteristics, draw up each fro
39、m of the building economy energy standard and rule;But total of still treat to the parlance rules and policy further perfect. (2)the push technological advance.Warm the air condition economy energy work opens an exhibition to can not get away from a technical progress smoothly.Nation while draw up t
40、he economy energy policy, then indicated a development a direction, also encouraged a technique a progress.Only depend on the development of science and technology, continuously excellent turn the energy structure with use an ability a method, then can be real to attain economy energy, create the hu
41、ge social performance and economic performance. (3)strengthen the coordination of the professional.The building is the outcome that each work grows a match, the building profession wants not only to consider from the aspects, such as the building function and the building esthetics.etc. while consid
42、er the building environment, also wanting to carry on a match with the equipments work kind, the full value building environment,the building material.etc. to warm the air condition is the influence that goes to a building and cans consume, each work grows coordination work, the common completion ec
43、onomy energy design.In fine begin from the outside environment in the building, continuously excellent turn to construct hot function, make use of beneficial building environment well, will create a feat indoor hot environment by all means, development be advantageous to a warm an air condition economy energy also and necessarily. .此处忽略！ 47
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