1、Controlling the Furnace Process in Coal-Fired BoilersThe unstable trends that exist in the market of fuel supplied to thermal power plants and the situations in which the parameters of their operation need to be changed (or preserved), as well as the tendency toward the economical and environmental
2、requirements placed on them becoming more stringent, are factors that make the problem of controlling the combustion and heat transfer processes in furnace devices very urgent. The solution to this problem has two aspects. The first involves development of a combustion technology and,accordingly, th
3、e design of a furnace device when new installations are designed. The second involves modernization of already existing equipment. In both cases,the technical solutions being adopted must be properly substantiated with the use of both experimental and calculation studies.The experience Central Boile
4、r-Turbine Institute Research and Production Association (Ts KTI) and Zi O specialists gained from operation of boilers and experimental investigations they carried out on models allowed them to propose several new designs of multicell and maneuverablein other words, controllablefurnace devices that
5、had been put in operation at power stations for several years. Along with this, an approximate zero-one-dimensional, zone wise calculation model of the furnace process in boilers had been developed at the Tsk Ti, which allowed Tsk Ti specialists to carry out engineering calculations of the main para
6、meters of this process and calculate studies of furnaces employing different technologies of firing and combustion modes .Naturally, furnace process adjustment methods like changing the air excess factor, stack gas recirculation fraction, and distribution of fuel and air among the tiers of burners,
7、as well as other operations written in the boiler operational chart, are used during boiler operation.However, the effect they have on the process is limited in nature. On the other hand, control of the furnace process in a boiler implies the possibility of making substantial changes in the conditio
8、ns under which the combustion and heat transfer proceed in order to considerably expand the range of loads, minimize heat losses, reduce the extent to which the furnace is contaminated with slag, decrease the emissions of harmful substances, and shift to another fuel. Such a control can be obtained
9、by making use of the following three main factors:(i) the flows of oxidizer and gases being set to move in the flame in a desired aerodynamic manner;(ii) the method used to supply fuel into the furnace and the place at which it is admitted thereto;(iii) the fineness to which the fuel is milled.The l
10、atter case implies that a flame-bed method is used along with the flame method for combusting fuel.The bed combustion method can be implemented in three design versions: mechanical grates with a dense bed, fluidized-bed furnaces, and spouted-bed furnaces.As will be shown below, the first factor can
11、be made to work by setting up bulky vorticisms transferring large volumes of air and combustion products across and along the furnace device. If fuel is fired in a flame, the optimal method of feeding it to the furnace is to admit it to the zones near the centers of circulating vorticisms, a situati
12、on especially typical of highly intense furnace devices. The combustion process in these zones features a low air excess factor ( 1) and a long local time for which the components dwell in them, factors that help make the combustion process more stable and reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides .Als
13、o important for the control of a furnace process when solid fuel is fired is the fineness to which it is milled; if we wish to minimize incomplete combustion, the degree to which fuel is milled should be harmonized with the location at which the fuel is admitted into the furnace and the method for s
14、upplying it there, for the occurrence of unburned carbon may be due not only to incomplete combustion of large-size fuel fractions, but also due to fine ones failing to ignite (especially when the content of volatiles Daff 20%).Owing to the possibility of pictorially demonstrating the motion of flow
15、s, furnace aerodynamics is attracting a great deal of attention of researchers and designers who develop and improve furnace devices. At the same time, furnace aerodynamics lies at the heart of mixing (mass transfer), a process the quantitative parameters of which can be estimated only indirectly or
16、 by special measurements. The quality with which components are mixed in the furnace chamber proper depends on the number, layout, and momenta of the jets flowing out from individual burners or nozzles, as well as on their interaction with the flow of flue gases, with one another, or with the wall.I
17、t was suggested that the gas-jet throw distance be used as a parameter determining the degree to which fuel is mixed with air in the gas burner channel. Such an approach to estimating how efficient the mixing is may to a certain degree be used in analyzing the furnace as a mixing apparatus. Obviousl
18、y, the greater the jet length (and its momentum), the longer the time during which the velocity gradient it creates in the furnace will persist there, a parameter that determines how completely the flows are mixed in it. Note that the higher the degree to which a jet is turbulence at the outlet from
19、 a nozzle or burner, the shorter the distance which it covers, and, accordingly, the less completely the components are mixed in the furnace volume. Once through burners have advantages over swirl ones in this respect.It is was proposed that the extent to which once through jets are mixed as they pe
20、netrate with velocity w2 and density 2 into a transverse (drift) flow moving with velocity w1 and having density 1 be correlated with the relative jet throw distance in the following wayWhere ks is a proportionality factor that depends on the “pitch” between the jet axes (ks= 1.51.8).The results of
21、an experimental investigation in which the mixing of gas with air in a burner and then in a furnace was studied using the incompleteness of mixing as a parameter are reported in 5.A round once through jet is intensively mixed with the surrounding medium in a furnace within its initial section, where
22、 the flow velocity at the jet axis is still equal to the velocity w2 at the nozzle orifice of radius r0.The velocity of the jet blown into the furnace drops very rapidly beyond the confines of the initial section, and the axis it has in the case of wall-mounted burners bends toward the outlet from t
23、he furnace.One may consider that there are three theoretical models for analyzing the mixing of jets with flow rate G2 that enter into a stream with flow rate G1. The first model is for the case when jets flow into a “free” space (G1= 0),the second model is for the case when jets flow into a transve
24、rse (drift) current with flow rate G1G2，and the third model is for the case when jets flow into a drift stream with flow rate G1G2. The second model represents mixing in the channel of a gas burner, and the third model represents mixing in a furnace chamber. We assume that the mixing pattern we have
25、 in a furnace is closer to the first model than it is to the second one, since 0 G1/G2 1, and we will assume that the throw distance h of the jet being drifted is equal to the length S0 of the “free” jets initial section. The ejection ability of the jet being drifted then remains the same as that of
26、 the “free” jet, and the length of the initial section can be determined using the well-known empirical formula of G.N. Amphibrachic 6 ：S0= 0.67r0/a, (2)where a is the jet structure factor and r0 is the nozzle radius.At a = 0.07, the length of the round jets initial section is equal to 10 r0 and the
27、 radius the jet has at the transition section (at the end of the initial section) is equal to 3.3 r0. The mass flow rate in the jet is doubled in this case. The corresponding minimum furnace cross-sectional area Ff for a round once through burner with the outlet cross-sectional area Fb will then be
28、equal to and the ratio Ff/Fb20. This value is close to the actual values found in furnaces equipped with once through burners. In furnaces equipped with swirl burners, a= 0.14 and Ff/Fb10. In both cases, the interval between the burners is equal to the jet diameter in the transition section d tr , w
29、hich differs little from the value that has been established in practice and recommended in 7.The method traditionally used to control the furnace process in large boilers consists of equipping them with a large number of burners arranged in several tiers. Obviously, if the distance between the tier
30、s is relatively small, operations on disconnecting or connecting them affect the entire process only slightly. A furnace design employing large flat-flame burners equipped with means for controlling the flame core position using the aerodynamic principle is a step forward. Additional possibilities f
31、or controlling the process in TPE-214 and TPE-215 boilers with a steam output of 670 t/h were obtained through the use of flat-flame burners arranged in two tiers with a large distance between the tiers; this made it possible not only to raise or lower the flame, but also to concentrate or disperse
32、the release of heat in it 1. A very tangible effect was obtained from installing multicell (operating on coal and open-hearth, coke, and natural gases) flat-flame burners in the boilers of cogeneration stations at metallurgical plants in Ukraine and Russia.Unfortunately, we have to state that, even
33、at present, those in charge of selecting the type, quantity, and layout of burners in a furnace sometimes adopt technical solutions that are far from being optimal. This problem should therefore be considered in more detail. If we increase the number of burners nb in a furnace while retaining their
34、total cross-sectional area (Fb=idem) and the total flow rate of air through them, their equivalent diameters deq will become smaller, as will the jet momentums GB, resulting in a corresponding decrease in the jet throw distance Hb and the mass they eject. The space with high velocity gradients also
35、becomes smaller, resulting in poorer mixing in the furnace as a whole. This factor becomes especially important when the emissions of Box and CO are suppressed right inside the furnace using staged combustion (at b 1) under the conditions of a Fortinbras nonuniform distribution of fuel among the bur
36、ners.In 1, a quantitative relationship was established between the parameters characterizing the quality with which once through jets mix with one another as they flow into a limited space with the geometrical parameter of concentration = with nb = idem and GB = idem. By decreasing this parameter we
37、 improve the mass transfer in the furnace; however, this entails an increase in the flow velocity and the expenditure of energy (pressure drop) in the burners with the same Fb. At the same time, we know from experience and calculations that good mixing in a furnace can be obtained without increasing
38、 the head loss if we resort to large long-range jets. This allows a much less stringent requirement to be placed on the degree of uniformity with which fuel must be distributed among the burners. Moreover, fuel may in this case be fed to the furnace location where it is required from process control
39、 considerations.For illustration purposes, we will estimate the effect the number of burners has on the mixing in a furnace at = = idem. schematically shows the plan views of two furnace chambers differing in the number of once through round nozzles (two and four) placed in a tier (on one side of th
40、e furnace). The furnaces have the same total outlet cross-sectional areas of the nozzles (Fb) and the same jet velocities related to these areas (wb). The well-known swirl furnace of the TsKTI has a design close to the furnace arrangement under consideration. According to the data of 1, the air frac
41、tion air that characterizes the mixing and enters through once through burners into the furnace volume beneath them can be estimated using the formula air = 1 (3) which has been verified in the range = 0.030.06 for a furnace chamber equipped with two frontal once through burners. Obviously, if we in
42、crease the number of burners by a factor of 2, their equivalent diameter, the length of the initial section of jets S0 and the area they “serve” will reduce by a factor of Then, for example, at = 0.05, the fraction air will decrease from 0.75 to 0.65. Thus, Eq. (3) may be written in the following fo
43、rm for approximately assessing the effect of once through burners on the quality of mixing in a furnace:air = 1 3.5f nb ,where is the number of burners (or air nozzles) on one wall when they are arranged in one tier both in onesided and opposite manners.The number of burners may be tentatively relat
44、ed to the furnace depth af (at the same = idem) using the expression (5)It should be noted that the axes of two large opposite air nozzles ( = 1)an arrangement implemented in an inverted furnacehad to be inclined downward by more than 50 8.One well-known example of a furnace device in which once thr
45、ough jets are used to create a large vortex covering a considerable part of its volume is a furnace with tangentially arranged burners. Such furnaces have received especially wide use in combination with pulverizing fans. However, burners with channels having a small equivalent diameter are frequent
46、ly used for firing low-calorific brown coals with high content of moisture. As a result, the jets of air-dust mixture and secondary air that go out from their channels at different velocities(w2/w1 = 23) become turbulence and lose the ability to be thrown a long distance; as a consequence, the flame
47、 comes closer to the water walls and the latter are contaminated with slag. One method by which the tangential combustion scheme can be improved consists of organizing the so-called concentric admission of large jets of air-dust mixture and secondary air with the fuel and air nozzles spaced apart fr
48、om one another over the furnace perimeter, accompanied by intensifying the ventilation of mills 9, 10. Despite the fact that thetemperature level in the flame decreases, the combustion does not become less stable because the fuel mixes with air in a stepwise manner in a horizontal plane.Vortex furna
49、ce designs with large cortices the rotation axes of which are arranged transversely with respect to the main direction of gas flow have wide possibilities in terms of controlling the furnace process. In 1, four furnace schemes with a controllable flame are described, which employ the principle of large jets colliding with one another; three of these schemes have been implemented. A boiler with a steam capacity of 230 t/h has been retrofitted in accordance with one of these schemes (with
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