美国不断变化的海洋和沿海经济外文翻译.doc

1、美国不断变化的海洋和沿海经济外文翻译 外文翻译原文The Changing Ocean and Coastal Economy of the United States Material Source:/.Author: Charles S.Colgan The United States Commission on Ocean Policy has undertaken a major review of factors affecting the nations coasts and oceans and will be reporting on its recommendations f

2、or changes in national policy in 2009.An important part of the changes affecting the coasts and oceans have been changes in the demographic and economic environment as well as the natural environment.To help understand changes, the Commission asked the National Ocean Economics ProjectNOEPto prepare

3、an analysis of these factors based on the Projects data on the ocean and coastal economy.The NOEP is an independent research project located at universities on the east and west coasts,and funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOAAand the Environmental Protect AgencyEPA. This

4、paper provides a summary of key findings on the socio-economic factors influencing the coastal and ocean economy that have been provided to the Commission and explores the implications of those trends.The report to the Commission primarily considers these trends from a national perspective;this pape

5、r explores some of the implications of these trends for state policies. Ten major conclusions have been drawn from the socio-economic analysis: 1.The coast is not a single area.Socio-economic data suggests at least four different regions that are coastalcoastal states,coastal watershed counties,coas

6、tal zone counties,and the near shore. 2.The common perception that“everyone is moving to the coast”is incorrect.The pressure of population growth in coastal regions comes from the increasing size of the population within a fixed land area,not from a disproportionately large amount of growth. While t

7、he population growth rate in coastal areas has been consistent with national trends, the sheer size of the population density in the coastal area has major effects. 3.Dramatic changes in the coast have come about from employment and economic growth, particularly in the near shore area.Nationally,emp

8、loyment growth was nearly three times population growth nearest the shore.North Carolina more than doubled its employment in the near shore area between 1990 and 2000,while four other statesAlabama,Mississippi, Florida,and New Yorksaw employment grow by more than 50%in the near shore area. 4.The coa

9、stal and ocean economy are related but not identical.The coastal economy comprises all economic activity in the coastal regions,while the ocean economy is that activity directly related to the ocean as an input.The ocean economy includes ocean dependent activities such as minerals extraction,fisheri

10、es,and marine transportation,while the coastal economy is a region which provides access to the services of the ocean as well as being a specific economy within a larger region. 5.Economic activity in coastal regions is very large.Seventy-five percent of the nations Gross State Product came from the

11、 coastal states in 2000.Almost half of the economy 3 came from the coastal watershed counties,and more than one-third came from those counties in which states operate their Coastal Zone Management programs.The near shore area,which is 4%of the nations land,produces more than 11%of the nations econom

12、ic output. 6.The ocean economy is also large,with 2.3 million people employed and$117 billion in outputgross state productin 2000.The ocean economy comprised 1.6% of the nations employment-ranging from 17.7% of Hawaiis employment to 0.6% of Ohio and Indianas employment. 7.The ocean economy has under

13、gone dramatic change over the past decade.Tourism and recreation provided all of the job growth,while the other ocean economy sectors declined in employmentliving resources,minerals,ship and boat building,and transportationor grew only slightlymarine construction.The ocean economy grew more slowly t

14、han the national economy. 8.While the tourism and recreation sector has displayed significant job growth,the transportation and minerals industries play much larger roles in the ocean economy in their contribution to the economy than their employment share implies.These sectors,along with ship and b

15、oat building,pay the highest wages in the ocean economy. 9.More than 90%of the employment in the ocean economy is located in urban areas,but the ocean economy comprises a much larger proportion of employment in rural areas. 10.We have invested very little in the understanding of the ocean and coasta

16、l economy and in the value of its resources. Sound policy will require improved understanding of socioeconomic factors,including expanding date collection,and management. Stats will play a critical role,in partnership with the federal government,in collecting the required date. Implications for star

17、es These findings suggest several important implications for state policies in several different areas,including coastal resource management,transportation,land use planning, economic development and state economic data collection and management. For coastal resource management: From a population gr

18、owth perspective,the coast is moving inland. Population growth is an issue for all coastal areas,but there are different trends within thedifferent sub-regions of the coast that must be considered.Upland areas are growing faster than the near shore,in part due to the limited amount and high price of

19、 shoreline real estate.Thus population growth pressures are more likely to occur in the counties near the shore,but away from the immediate shoreline. On the coast of population growth is not really the permanent resident in the short term, but those near the seashore large population. These include

20、 large population from the other parts into need more and more jobs but not in local live because prices high, hired. It also includes the tourists and recreation, who are those in several summer in large populations in the coastal area. Cruise call is a thriving in the coastal communities of short-

21、term population of extreme example For Transportation: Coastal states and communities must plan for and build a transportation infrastructure to serve a much larger population in coastal areas than actually live there.Maine,for example,has a summer time population of 7 million but a year-round popul

22、ation of only a million.Because of rapid employment growth in near shore areas,transportation infrastructure must have the capacity to move employees on a daily basis and tourists on a seasonal basis.States should consider the best method for moving these populations while maintaining community and

23、environmental character. State and local investment maritime transport traffic facilities, so that cargo and passenger is providing more valuable services, the economy as a whole, particularly coastal economies. But competition transportation industry pressure and improved techniques are being reduc

24、ed the demand for labor, especially in cargo handling, even if the importance of the overall economy is growing. Marine transport investment will become more and more important competitiveness of state-owned economy, as port neighboring facilities, play an even bigger role in the growing mobile impo

25、rts and exports. This oil tanker industries as a development business components of the rapid growth of the increase of ocean tourism is also showing all the opportunities and challenges for coastal state For Land Use Planning: The problem ofSpread the problem is the different parts of the coastal p

26、roblems. In some parts of the population growth driver, but in coastal most expansion is commercial and retail growth and employment is to promote the methods of land use change. Residential expansion was the biggest problem in inland from the coast, there may be the land of lower prices, rapid popu

27、lation growth. But business growth is could spread the coast of shopping malls, and major problems with development, and commercial office space fastest rising nearly coastal areas. So fast growth, employment and nearby coastal shelter from coast to create extra pressure on transportation system, an

28、d requires more land space, to adapt to road and parking people demand For Economic Development Changes in the ocean economy are presenting major economic development challenges.Tourism and recreation are growing robustly,and coastal states may be competing with one another for that market. Tourism

29、and recreation are increasingly taking over for other traditional uses of the ocean,such as fisheries,boat building and marine transportation.Those traditional uses remain very valuable to state economies,and cannot be forgotten merely because they are in decline.These issues can be especially acute

30、 for rural coastal economies. Coastal and ocean resources are key resources to the nations urban regions.The growth of tourism and recreation in urban coastal areas reflects both an attraction for national and international tourists,but also a key part of making coastal cities attractive places in w

31、hich to live and work. The transition of people and communities away from dependence on declining fisheries will continue to be an issue for the foreseeable future.Aquaculture will only partially replace the employment and economic activity associated with wild fisheries.译文美国不断变化的海洋和沿海经济 资料来源:/0. 作者

32、:查尔斯科尔根 美国海洋政策委员会已开展了对影响国家的海岸和海洋主要因素的研究,并会于2009年在国家政策变化的报告上提出建议。一种对影响海岸和海洋变化的重要部分,已经改变了人口、经济环境以及自然环境。为了有助于了解,委员会要求全国海洋经济项目 (NOEP)准基于这些因素对海洋和沿海经济项目的数据进行分析。该NOEP是一个独立的研究项目,在美国东部和西部海岸大学所在地,由国家海洋、大气管理局(NOAA)和环境保护局(EPA.)资助。 本文提供的对社会经济影响的沿海和海洋经济已提供给委员会,并探讨这些趋势主要的影响因素。委员会的报告主要是认为要从国家的角度来看这些趋势:本文探讨了国家政策对这些趋

33、势的一些影响。 从社会经济分析的十个主要结论: 1、 海岸不是单个的区域.社会经济数据表明至少四个沿海的不同地区沿海国家、 沿海流域县、 沿海区县和近海岸。 2、人们普遍认为“每个人都正在面向海岸”是不正确的。该沿海区域的压力来自于人口增长的规模日益扩大,人口限制在一个固定的土地面积而不是从量的增长不成比例。在沿海地区的人口增长率已与全国趋势一致,人口密度对沿海地区庞大的规模有重大影响。 3、海岸的剧变都是在就业和经济增长上,特别是在近海岸地区。在全国范围内,就业增长近三倍,人口增长最靠近岸边。北卡罗莱纳州超过其1990年至 2000,同时四个其他国家 阿拉巴马、 密西西比州、 佛罗里达州和纽

34、约 近海岸地区的就业增加一倍,近海岸地区的就业增长超过 50%。 4、沿海和海洋经济的相关但不是相同,包括所有沿海地区的经济活动形式,虽然是海洋经济活动直接关系到海洋作为输入。 海洋经济包括海洋相关活动,如矿产开采,渔业,海洋运输,而沿海经济是一个地区提供进入海洋的服务,以及作为一个较大区域内的一个特定经济。 5、在沿海经济区域的活动是非常大的。2000年国家百分之七十五的州生产总值来自沿海州。几乎一半的经济来自沿海流域的县,超过三分之一的人来自县各国经营其沿海区管理方案。近岸区,即占全国4%的土地,产出超过国家经济输出的11%。 6、2000年海洋经济很大, 230 万就业人员, 117 亿

35、美元 (总状态产品) 产出。海洋经济中包括 1.6%全国就业-从 17.7%夏威夷就业到 0.6%俄亥俄州和印第安纳州的就业。 7.海洋经济在过去的十年发生了戏剧性的变化。旅游及娱乐增长提供所有的工作,而其他海洋经济部门就业有所下降(生物资源,矿产,船舶,造船,运输)或只有轻微上升(海洋工程)。海洋经济增长速度比全国经济增长速度慢。 8、然而,尽管旅游和娱乐业表现出显著的就业增长,但是在海洋经济中,运输和矿物工业对经济的贡献发挥了更大的作用,这些因素影响这些船舶和造船行业在海洋经济产业中的工资最高。 9、超过 90%的海洋经济中的就业位于城市地区,但海洋经济包括在农村地区就业比例大得多。 10

36、、在理解海洋和其资源价值上,我们投入已经很少。良好的政策,需要更好地了解社会经济因素,包括扩大数据采集和管理。国家在与联邦政府合作收集所需数据中将发挥关键作用。 对各国的影响: 这些结果表明了国家政策的几个重要问题在几个不同的领域,包括沿海资源管理,交通,土地利用规划,经济发展和国家经济数据收集和管理。 对于沿海资源管理: 从人口增长角度,海岸是个移动的岛屿。人口增长是所有沿海地域的一个共同问题,但也有不同的趋势。旱地区日益更快地在近岸边部分由于海岸线,部分原因是因为数量限制,更多的是高价的海岸线房地产。因此人口增长的压力,更有可能发生在海岸附近的县,但远离即时海岸线。 海岸上的人口增长不是真

37、正的永久居民,而是那些短期内靠近海边的大量人口。这些人口包括大量从外地进入需要越来越多就业机会但是不能在当地居住的雇工,原因是因为房价很高。它还包括游客和游憩者,就是那些在几个夏天在沿海地区的大量人口。游轮调用是一个蓬勃发展的短期人口在沿海社区极端的例子。 关于交通运输: 沿海国家和社区必须规划和建设交通基础设施,以满足更多的人口居住在沿海地区比实际得多领域。例如缅因州,拥有700万人口,但夏季时间同比一轮人口只有一百万。由于快速的就业增长在近岸地区,交通基础设施必须有能力移动员工在日常工作和基础游客对季节性。各国应考虑最好的这些人口移动的方法,同时保持社会和环境特征。 国家和地方投资海上运输

38、(交通设施,以便货运和客运)正在提供越来越有价值的服务,经济作为一个整体,特别是沿海国家的经济。 但是竞争交通运输行业的压力和改进的技术正在减少对劳动力的需求,特别是在货运处理,即使总体经济的重要性与日俱增。 海洋运输的投资将成为越来越重要的整体竞争力的国有经济,作为发展港口邻国设施,发挥更大的作用日益增加的移动进口和出口量。 该油轮产业作为发展增加业务组件的快速增长的海洋旅游也呈现出所有沿海国家的机会和挑战。 土地使用规划: “蔓延“问题是沿海问题的不同部分。在一些地区人口的增长驱动器扩张,但在沿海大部分的是商业和零售增长和就业是推动土地利用方式的改变。住宅的扩张是在内陆地区最大的问题可能会

39、远离海岸,那里的土地价格较低,人口增长快。 但商业增长是可能蔓延海岸附近的重大问题,与购物商场带的发展,以及商业办公室空间的上升最快速度的近海岸地区。这样快的增长趋势,就业和附近的海岸住所远离海岸运输上创建额外的压力系统,以及要求更多的土地空间,以适应人们对道路和停车场的需求。 经济发展 海洋经济的变化主要是提出经济发展挑战。旅游和娱乐增长强劲,沿海国家的竞争对手可能在其中的一个市场里。 旅游和娱乐正越来越多地使用了超过了其他传统海洋,如渔业,造船和海洋运输。那些传统用途仍然非常宝贵的国有经济,不能仅仅因为他们被遗忘用途在下降。这些问题在沿海农村尤为严重经济。 沿海和海洋资源地区重点城市的资源是面向全国的。旅游业和娱乐于沿海城市地区的发展既反映了国家和国际游客的吸引力,而且还使吸引人的地方在沿海城市的居住和工作的重要组成部分。 人民和社区对渔业的依赖程度下降将是在未来的一个问题。水产养殖只能部分替代的就业和经济活动与相关的野生渔业 . .此处忽略！