1、英语原文Intelligent Traffic Light Control by Marco WieringThe topic I picked for our community project was traffic lights. In a community, people need stop signs and traffic lights to slow down drivers from going too fast. If there were no traffic lights or stop signs, peoples lives would be in danger f
2、rom drivers going too fast. The urban traffic trends towards the saturation, the rate of increase of the road of big city far lags behind rate of increase of the car.The urban passenger traffic has already become the main part of city traffic day by day and it has used about 80% of the area of road
3、of center district. With the increase of population and industry activity, peoples traffic is more and more frequent, which is unavoidable. What means of transportation people adopt produces pressure completely different to city traffic. According to calculating, if it is 1 to adopt the area of road
4、 that the public transport needs, bike needs 5-7, car needs 15-25, even to walk is 3 times more than to take public transits. So only by building road cant solve the city traffic problem finally yet. Every large city of the world increases the traffic policy to the first place of the question.For ex
5、ample， according to calculating, when the automobile owning amount of Shanghai reaches 800,000 (outside cars count separately ), if it distributes still as now for example: center district accounts for great proportion, even when several loop-lines and arterial highways have been built up , the traf
6、fic cannot be improved more than before and the situation might be even worse. So the traffic policy Shanghai must adopt , or called traffic strategy is that have priority to develop public passenger traffic of city, narrow the scope of using of the bicycle progressively , control the scale of growt
7、h of the car traffic in the center district, limit the development of the motorcycle strictly. There are more municipals project under construction in big city. the influence on the traffic is greater.Municipal infrastructure construction is originally a good thing of alleviating the traffic, but in
8、 the course of constructing, it unavoidably influence the local traffic. Some road sections are blocked, some change into an one-way lane, thus the vehicle can only take a devious route . The construction makes the road very narrow, forming the bottleneck, which seriously influence the car flow.When
9、 having stop signs and traffic lights, people have a tendency to drive slower and look out for people walking in the middle of streets. To put a traffic light or a stop sign in a community, it takes a lot of work and planning from the community and the city to put one in. It is not cheap to do it ei
10、ther. The community first needs to take a petition around to everyone in the community and have them sign so they can take it to the board when the next city council meeting is. A couple residents will present it to the board, and they will decide weather or not to put it in or not. If not put in a
11、lot of residents might be mad and bad things could happened to that part of the city. When the planning of putting traffic lights and stop signs, you should look at the subdivision plan and figure out where all the buildings and schools are for the protection of students walking and riding home from
12、 school. In our plan that we have made, we will need traffic lights next to the school, so people will look out for the students going home. We will need a stop sign next to the park incase kids run out in the street. This will help the protection of the kids having fun. Will need a traffic light se
13、parating the mall and the store. This will be the busiest part of the town with people going to the mall and the store. And finally there will need to be a stop sign at the end of the streets so people dont drive too fast and get in a big accident. If this is down everyone will be safe driving, walk
14、ing, or riding their bikes. In putting in a traffic light, it takes a lot of planning and money to complete it. A traffic light cost around $40,000 to $125,000 and sometimes more depending on the location. If a business goes in and a traffic light needs to go in, the business or businesses will have
15、 to pay some money to pay for it to make sure everyone is safe going from and to that business. Also if there is too many accidents in one particular place in a city, a traffic light will go in to safe people from getting a severe accident and ending their life and maybe someone elses. The reason I
16、picked this part of our community development report was that traffic is a very important part of a city. If not for traffic lights and stop signs, peoples lives would be in danger every time they walked out their doors. People will be driving extremely fast and people will be hit just trying to hav
17、e fun with their friends. So having traffic lights and stop signs this will prevent all this from happening. Traffic in a city is very much affected by traffic light controllers. When waiting for a traffic light, the driver looses time and the car uses fuel. Hence, reducing waiting times before traf
18、fic lights can save our European society billions of Euros annually. To make traffic light controllers more intelligent, we exploit the emergence of novel technologies such as communication networks and sensor networks, as well as the use of more sophisticated algorithms for setting traffic lights.
19、Intelligent traffic light control does not only mean that traffic lights are set in order to minimize waiting times of road users, but also that road users receive information about how to drive through a city in order to minimize their waiting times. This means that we are coping with a complex mul
20、ti-agent system, where communication and coordination play essential roles. Our research has led to a novel system in which traffic light controllers and the behaviour of car drivers are optimized using machine-learning methods.Our idea of setting a traffic light is as follows. Suppose there are a n
21、umber of cars with their destination address standing before a crossing. All cars communicate to the traffic light their specific place in the queue and their destination address. Now the traffic light has to decide which option (ie, which lanes are to be put on green) is optimal to minimize the lon
22、g-term average waiting time until all cars have arrived at their destination address. The learning traffic light controllers solve this problem by estimating how long it would take for a car to arrive at its destination address (for which the car may need to pass many different traffic lights) when
23、currently the light would be put on green, and how long it would take if the light would be put on red. The difference between the waiting time for red and the waiting time for green is the gain for the car. Now the traffic light controllers set the lights in such a way to maximize the average gain
24、of all cars standing before the crossing. To estimate the waiting times, we use reinforcement learning which keeps track of the waiting times of individual cars and uses a smart way to compute the long term average waiting times using dynamic programming algorithms. One nice feature is that the syst
25、em is very fair; it never lets one car wait for a very long time, since then its gain of setting its own light to green becomes very large, and the optimal decision of the traffic light will set his light to green. Furthermore, since we estimate waiting times before traffic lights until the destinat
26、ion of the road user has been reached, the road user can use this information to choose to which next traffic light to go, thereby improving its driving behaviour through a city. Note that we solve the traffic light control problem by using a distributed multi-agent system, where cooperation and coo
27、rdination are done by communication, learning, and voting mechanisms. To allow for green waves during extremely busy situations, we combine our algorithm with a special bucket algorithm which propagates gains from one traffic light to the next one, inducing stronger voting on the next traffic contro
28、ller option. We have implemented the Green Light District, a traffic simulator in Java in which infrastructures can be edited easily by using the mouse, and different levels of road usage can be simulated. A large number of fixed and learning traffic light controllers have already been tested in the
29、 simulator and the resulting average waiting times of cars have been plotted and compared. The results indicate that the learning controllers can reduce average waiting times with at least 10% in semi-busy traffic situations, and even much more when high congestion of the traffic occurs.We are curre
30、ntly studying the behaviour of the learning traffic light controllers on many different infrastructures in our simulator. We are also planning to cooperate with other institutes and companies in the Netherlands to apply our system to real world traffic situations. For this, modern technologies such
31、as communicating networks can be brought to use on a very large scale, making the necessary communication between road users and traffic lights possible.中文翻译： 智能交通信号灯控制 马克威宁我所选择的社区项目主题是交通灯。在一个社会，人们需要停车标志和交通灯，以减缓司机从走得太快。如果没有交通灯或停止的标志，驾驶员将开得很快以至于威胁到人们的生活。大城市的交通问题是越来越严重，原因有很多方面共同造成的。在接近饱和的城市交通的趋势，大的城市道
32、路增长速度远远落后于汽车的增长速度。城市客运交通已经成为城市交通日新月异的主要组成部分，它使用了约80对中心区道路面积。随着人口和产业活动的增加，人们的出行越来越频繁是不可避免的。什么样的交通设施产生压力的手段采取完全不同的城市交通。据计算，如果采用的是1区的道路公共交通的需求，自行车需要5-7，汽车需要15-25，甚至步行3倍多乘搭公共过境。因此，通过修建道路并不能最终解决城市交通问题。世界的每一个大城市都把处理该市交通问题当成最重要的事情来对待。当有停车标志和交通灯，人们有一种倾向会把车开慢点开慢点，并向四周看看，是否有人们在街道中走出。把一个交通灯，或在一个社区停止的标志，它需要从社会上
33、大量的工作，诸如规划和城市，而且干这个事情的成本不是很便宜。社区首先需要采取请愿周围每个人在社会上并让他们签名，以便他们能够到董事会下一次市议会会议。每一对夫妇的想法都将提交给董事会，他们将决定究竟要不要投入或不是。如果不同意设置大量的交通灯，大量的居民便会很懊恼，那些道路上不好的事情就可能发生在这个城市的某一部分。当规划交通灯和停车标志的时候，你应该再看看细分计划，并找出其中所有的建筑物和学校。以便确认学生无论是骑车还是步行回家时能够受到足够的保护。在我们已经取得的计划中，我们将需要把交通灯安置在学校的旁边，所以人们在驾驶时会留心前方是否有学生回家了。我们需要一个停止标志紧靠着公园以防孩子们
34、突然从公园里跑到外面的马路上。这将有助于保护孩子的玩乐。将需要一个红绿灯分离商场和商店。这将是与去商场和商店的人的小镇最繁忙的一部分。最后还有一个需要在街道尽头放置一个停止标志。这样就会提醒驾驶员不要开得太快，从而避免一个大交通事故。如果以上所说的都得到解决，大家无论是驾驶，步行，或骑自行车，都会很安全。要想安置一个交通灯，需要完成它的规划精力和资金来很多。一个红绿灯费用约40,000美元至125,000美元，有时位置的不同则需要更多的。如果企业在那边，那么一个红绿灯也需要在那边，企业或法人单位将不得不付出一些金钱，购买它，以确保每个人的安全，并且继续经营自己公司的业务。另外，如果在一个城市一
35、个特定的地方，总是有许多事故发生，一个交通灯就会需要出现在那里，以确保人们不再受到一些足以结束他们生命的交通事故的威胁。这对于别人也是一种安全保障。我之所以挑选这个社区的发展报告的一部分是因为交通是一个城市的重要组成部分。如果没有交通灯和停止的标志，人们的生活在每次他们走出大门时将受到威胁。人们会开车开得非常快，驾驶人将受到撞击原因只是想与他们的朋友的玩乐。因此，有交通灯和停车标志这将防止发生这一切。一个城市的交通是受红绿灯控制的很大的影响。当在等待一个交通灯的时候，司机们失去了宝贵的时间和汽车使用的燃料。因此，减少交通灯前的等待时间，我们欧洲社会一般可以节省数十亿欧元。为了使交通灯控制器更多
36、的智能化，我们开发研究了新技术，如通信网络和传感器网络，以及用于设置交通灯的使用更复杂的算法的出现。智能交通灯控制不仅仅意味着交通灯设置，以减少对道路使用者的等待时间，而且道路使用者收到关于如何通过城市驱动器，以减少他们的轮候时间的资料。这意味着，我们正在处理一个复杂的多代理系统，在沟通和协调应对发挥重要作用。我们的研究已导致了一种新的制度，使交通灯控制器和汽车驾驶员的行为进行了优化利用机器学习方法。我们设置一个红绿灯的想法如下。假设有一个汽车用自己的目的地之前，站在十字路口的地址数量。所有汽车都传达到红绿灯，他们在队列中的具体地点和目的地地址。现在的交通灯已决定哪个选项（即，它是将线放在绿色
37、）是最优的，以尽量减少长期的平均轮候时间，直到所有的汽车都在他们抵达目的地的地址。交通灯控制器的学习解决估计需要多少时间，将采取一车在其目的地的地址（抵达该汽车可能需要通过很多不同的交通灯）时，将根据目前的绿色投入，以及如何解决此问题如果长时间才能光将于红色表决。红色之间的等待时间与等候时间差是绿色的车增益。现在的交通灯控制器设置在这样的灯光，以最大限度地发挥所有过境站在车前的平均涨幅。为了估计轮候时间，我们使用强化学习的不断个别车的等待时间的轨道，并使用一个巧妙的方法来计算长期平均轮候时间用动态规划算法。一个很好的特性是，该系统是非常公平的，它从来没有让一个很长的时间等待车，从那时起它的设定
38、自己的绿色光增益变得非常大，对交通灯的最优决策将设置他的光绿色。此外，由于我们估计等待交通灯前的道路，直到用户已达到目的地时，道路使用者可以使用这些信息来选择的下一个红绿灯的时间，从而提高一个城市通过其驾驶行为。请注意，我们使用一个解决分布式多代理系统，进行合作和协调是通过沟通完成，学习的交通灯控制问题，并参加表决的机制。为了让绿色波浪在极其繁忙的情况下，我们结合了一个特殊的传播桶算法从一个红绿灯到下一个获得我们的算法，以便获得对于更强的对未来交通控制器的更多赞成票。我们实施了绿灯区，在Java模拟器中的交通基础设施可以使用鼠标很方便的被编辑，道路使用不同的级别可以模拟。固定和学习大量的交通灯控制器已经在模拟器测试和由此产生的平均轮候时间已绘制汽车和比较。结果表明，学习控制器可以减少至少10个半繁忙的交通状况的平均轮候时间，当发生的交通挤塞时，可以节约的时间更多。目前，我们在我们的模拟器上正在研究的学习许多不同的交通灯控制器基础设施的行为。我们还计划与其他机构和荷兰公司合作，利用我们的系统，以现实世界的交通情况。这样，通信网络等现代技术可以应用在一个非常大的规模的交通系统中，使道路的用户和交通灯沟通成为现实可能。. .此处忽略！
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