1、外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：The Structure Form ofHigh-Rise Buildings外文文献:The Structure Form of High-Rise BuildingsABSTRACT：High-rise building is to point to exceed a certain height and layers multistory buildings. In the United States, 24.6 m or 7 layer above as high-rise buildings; In Japan, 31m or 8 layer and
2、above as high-rise buildings; In Britain, to have equal to or greater than 24.3 m architecture as high-rise buildings. Since 2005 provisions in China more than 10 layers of residential buildings and more than 24 meters tall other civil building for high-rise buildings. KEYWARD：High-Rise Buildings；Sh
3、ear-Wall Systems；Rigid-Frame Systems1. High-rise building profilesAlthough the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low- , medium- , or high-rise buildings, when a building gets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for two reasons. Hig
4、her vertical loads will require larger columns, walls, and shafts. But, more significantly, the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for.The vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulated gravity load
5、 from story to story, thus requiring larger column or wall sections to support such loading. In addition these same vertical subsystems must transmit lateral loads, such as wind or seismic loads, to the foundations. However, in contrast to vertical load, lateral load effects on buildings are not lin
6、ear and increase rapidly with increase in height. For example under wind load , the overturning moment at the base of buildings varies approximately as the square of a buildings may vary as the fourth power of buildings height , other things being equal. Earthquake produces an even more pronounced e
7、ffect.When the structure for a low-or medium-rise building is designed for dead and live load, it is almost an inherent property that the columns, walls, and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces. The problem is primarily one of shear resistance. Moderate addition bracing
8、for rigid frames in “short” buildings can easily be provided by filling certain panels (or even all panels) without increasing the sizes of the columns and girders otherwise required for vertical loads.Unfortunately, this is not is for high-rise buildings because the problem is primarily resistance
9、to moment and deflection rather than shear alone. Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additional structural material is always required for the columns, girders, walls, and slabs in order to made a high-rise buildings sufficiently resistant to much higher lateral deformati
10、ons. As previously mentioned, the quantity of structural material required per square foot of floor of a high-rise buildings is in excess of that required for low-rise buildings. The vertical components carrying the gravity load, such as walls, columns, and shafts, will need to be strengthened over
11、the full height of the buildings. But quantity of material required for resisting lateral forces is even more significant.With reinforced concrete, the quantity of material also increases as the number of stories increases. But here it should be noted that the increase in the weight of material adde
12、d for gravity load is much more sizable than steel, whereas for wind load the increase for lateral force resistance is not that much more since the weight of a concrete buildings helps to resist overturn. On the other hand, the problem of design for earthquake forces. Additional mass in the upper fl
13、oors will give rise to a greater overall lateral force under the of seismic effects. In the case of either concrete or steel design, there are certain basic principles for providing additional resistance to lateral to lateral forces and deflections in high-rise buildings without too much sacrifire i
14、n economy. (1) Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems. This is very useful because increasing the width will cut down the overturn force directly and will reduce deflection by the third power of the width increase, other things remaining cinstant. However, this does require
15、that vertical components of the widened subsystem be suitably connected to actually gain this benefit.(2) Design subsystems such that the components are made to interact in the most efficient manner. For example, use truss systems with chords and diagonals efficiently stressed, place reinforcing for
16、 walls at critical locations, and optimize stiffness ratios for rigid frames. (3) Increase the material in the most effective resisting components. For example, materials added in the lower floors to the flanges of columns and connecting girders will directly decrease the overall deflection and incr
17、ease the moment resistance without contributing mass in the upper floors where the earthquake problem is aggravated. (4) Arrange to have the greater part of vertical loads be carried directly on the primary moment-resisting components. This will help stabilize the buildings against tensile overturni
18、ng forces by precompressing the major overturn-resisting components. (5) The local shear in each story can be best resisted by strategic placement if solid walls or the use of diagonal members in a vertical subsystem. Resisting these shears solely by vertical members in bending is usually less econo
19、mical, since achieving sufficient bending resistance in the columns and connecting girders will require more material and construction energy than using walls or diagonal members. (6) Sufficient horizontal diaphragm action should be provided floor. This will help to bring the various resisting eleme
20、nts to work together instead of separately. (7) Create mega-frames by joining large vertical and horizontal components such as two or more elevator shafts at multistory intervals with a heavy floor subsystems, or by use of very deep girder trusses.Remember that all high-rise buildings are essentiall
21、y vertical cantilevers which are supported at the ground. When the above principles are judiciously applied, structurally desirable schemes can be obtained by walls, cores, rigid frames, tubular construction, and other vertical subsystems to achieve horizontal strength and rigidity.2. Shear-Wall Sys
22、temsShear wall structure is reinforced concrete wallboard to replace with beam-column frame structure of, can undertake all kinds of loads, and can cause the internal force of the structure effectively control the horizontal forces with reinforced concrete wallboard, the vertical and horizontal forc
23、e to bear the structure called the shear wall structure. This structure was in high-rise building aplenty, so, homebuyers can need not be blinded by its terms. Shear wall structure refers to the vertical of reinforced concrete wallboard, horizontal direction is still reinforced concrete slab of carr
24、ying the wall, so big a system, that constitutes the shear wall structure. Why call shear wall structure, actually, the higher the wind load building to its push is bigger, so the wind direction of pushing that level, such as promoting the house, below was a binding, the above the wind blows should
25、produce certain swing floating, swing floating restrictions on the very small, vertical wallboard to resist, the wind over, wants it has a force on top, make floor do not produce swing or shift float degrees small, in particular the bounds of structure, such as: the wind from one side, then there is
26、 a considerable force board with it braved along the vertical wallboard, the height of the force, is equivalent to a pair of equivalent shearing, like a with scissors cut floor of force building and the farther down, accordingly, the shear strength of such wallboard that shear wall panels, also expl
27、ains the wallboard vertical bearing of vertical force also not only should bear the horizontal wind loading, including the horizontal seismic forces to one of its push wind.When shear walls are compatible with other functional requirements, they can be economically utilized to resist lateral forces
28、in high-rise buildings. For example, apartment buildings naturally require many separation walls. When some of these are designed to be solid, they can act as shear walls to resist lateral forces and to carry the vertical load as well. For buildings up to some 20storise, the use of shear walls is co
29、mmon. If given sufficient length, such walls can economically resist lateral forces up to 30 to 40 stories or more.However, shear walls can resist lateral load only the plane of the walls ( i.e.not in a diretion perpendicular to them) . Therefore, it is always necessary to provide shear walls in two
30、 perpendicular directions can be at least in sufficient orientation so that lateral force in any direction can be resisted. In addition, that wall layout should reflect consideration of any torsional effect. In design progress, two or more shear walls can be connected to from L-shaped or channel-sha
31、ped subsystems. Indeed, internal shear walls can be connected to from a rectangular shaft that will resist lateral forces very efficiently. If all external shear walls are continuously connected , then the whole buildings acts as tube , and connected , then the whole buildings acts as a tube , and i
32、s excellent Shear-Wall Systems resisting lateral loads and torsion.Whereas concrete shear walls are generally of solid type with openings when necessary, steel shear walls are usually made of trusses. These trusses can have single diagonals, “X” diagonals, or “K” arrangements. A trussed wall will ha
33、ve its members act essentially in direct tension or compression under the action of view, and they offer some opportunity and deflection-limitation point of view, and they offer some opportunity for penetration between members. Of course, the inclined members of trusses must be suitable placed so as
34、 not to interfere with requirements for windows and for circulation service penetrations though these walls. As stated above, the walls of elevator, staircase, and utility shafts form natural tubes and are commonly employed to resist both vertical and lateral forces. Since these shafts are normally
35、rectangular or circular in cross-section, they can offer an efficient means for resisting moments and shear in all directions due to tube structural action. But a problem in the design of these shafts is provided sufficient strength around door openings and other penetrations through these elements.
36、 For reinforced concrete construction, special steel reinforcements are placed around such opening .In steel construction, heavier and more rigid connections are required to resist racking at the openings. In many high-rise buildings, a combination of walls and shafts can offer excellent resistance
37、to lateral forces when they are suitably located ant connected to one another. It is also desirable that the stiffness offered these subsystems be more-or-less symmertrical in all directions.3. Rigid-Frame SystemsFrame structure is to point to by beam and column to just answer or hinged connection t
38、he structure of bearing system into constitute beam and column, namely the framework for common resistance appeared in the process of horizontal load and vertical load. Using structure housing wall not bearing, only play palisade and space effect, generally with the aerated concrete prefabricated, e
39、xpansion perlite, hollow bricks or porous brick, pumice, vermiculite, taoli etc lightweight plank to wait materials bearing or assembly and into. Frame structure shortcoming for: frame node stress concentration significantly; Frame structure of the lateral stiffness small, flexible structure frame,
40、in strong earthquake effect, horizontal displacement structures result is larger, easy cause serious non-structural broken sex; The steel and cement contents of the total number of larger, more component, hoisting number, joint workload big, procedures, waste human, construction by the seasons, envi
41、ronmental impact is bigger; Not suitable for build high-rise building, the frame is composed of by beam-column system structure, its pole bearing capacity and rigidity are low, especially the horizontal (even consider cast-in-situ floor with beam to work together to improve the floor level, but is a
42、lso limited stiffness), it the mechanical characteristics similar to vertical cantilever beam, the overall level of shear displacement on the big with small, but relatively under floors are concerned, interlayer deformation under the small, how to improve the framework design resist lateral stiffnes
43、s and control good structure for important factors, lateral move for reinforced concrete frame, when the height of the great, layer quite long, structure of each layer of not only column bottom of axial force are big, and beam and column generated by the horizontal load the bending moment and integr
44、al side move also increased significantly, leading to the section size and reinforcement of architectural layout increases, and the treatment of space, may cause difficulties, the influence of rational use of architectural space in materials consumption and cost, unreasonable, also tend to be genera
45、lly applied in construction, so no more than 15 layer houses. In the design of architectural buildings, rigid-frame systems for resisting vertical and lateral loads have long been accepted as an important and standard means for designing building. They are employed for low-and medium means for desig
46、ning buildings. They are employed for low- and medium up to high-rise building perhaps 70 or 100 stories high. When compared to shear-wall systems, these rigid frames both within and at the outside of a buildings. They also make use of the stiffness in beams and columns that are required for the bui
47、ldings in any case , but the columns are made stronger when rigidly connected to resist the lateral as well as vertical forces though frame bending. Frequently, rigid frames will not be as stiff as shear-wall construction, and therefore may produce excessive deflections for the more slender high-ris
48、e buildings designs. But because of this flexibility, they are often considered as being more ductile and thus less susceptible to catastrophic earthquake failure when compared with shear-wall designs. For example , if over stressing occurs at certain portions of a steel rigid frame ( i.e.,near the
49、joint ) , ductility will allow the structure as a whole to deflect a little more , but it will by no means collapse even under a much larger force than expected on the structure. For this reason, rigid-frame construction is considered by some to be a “best” seismic-resisting type for high-rise steel buildings. On the other hand, it is also unlikely that a well-designed share-wall system would collapse.In the case of concrete rigid frames, there is a divergence of opinion. It true that if a concrete rigid frame is des
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