1、中英文对照翻译Summarizing The Global Positioning SystemAbstract: Global Positioning System is based on the background of the United States Department of Defense.It is designed,invested,developed,and operated by the United States Department of Defense ,GPS is a satellite-based positioning and time transferi
2、ng GPS positioning function has a wide range of applications in the modern measurement and a more modern building.GPS-RTK technology is also widely used in modernization building, and now GPS has also been shown to be an important civilian communities of interest, and increasingly wide range of appl
3、icated.Keyword:GPS,Locating，RTK，Lay out，Survey1. Background The 50s, the former U.S.S.R has not launched humanities first artificial earth satellite, the American scientists in along its track research in, had discovered the Doppler shift phenomenon, and has facilitated Doppler satellite navigation
4、posi- tioning system completing using this principle, has obtained the enormous success in the military and the civi aspect, was in a navigation localization history leap, our country once has also introduced many Doppler receiver, applied to the island association measured, the Earth explored and s
5、o on the applied to the island association measured, the Earth explored and so on the domain. But because Doppler satellite orbit highly low, signal-carrier frequency low, the track precision enhances with difficulty, causes the pointing accuracy lowly, satisfies the geodetic survey or the project s
6、urvey request, is more impossible to use in the astronomy Earth dynamics research. In order to enhance the satellite positioning the precision,US started from 1973 to prepare for construction global positioning system GPS (Global Positioning System).After has entered the plan proof, the system test
7、stage,started in 1989 to launch the official work satellite,and completely completed in 1994, investment use. The GPS system spaceartially is composed by twenty one satellites, evenly distributes in six orbit, the ground level is 20,000 Kilometers, the inclination of orbit is 55, the flat heart rate
8、 approximately is 0, the week contract is 12 hours, the satellite to the earth launching two wave bands intelligence signals,the intelligence signal frequency respectively is 1575.442 mega cycles per second (the L2 wave band), on the satellite has installed the precision very high atomic clock, guar
9、antees the frequency the stability, modulates in the carrier has the expression satellite position the broadcast star experience, use in the range finder C/A code and P yard, as well ad other system information, can in the global scope, to willfully multi-user provide the high accuracy, all-weather,
10、 is continual, real-time three dimensional measures fast, the three dimensional localization and the time service. The GPS system control section by is located in the American foundations of the states 5 monitoring stations to be composed, these stand did not ask breaks Carries on the observation to
11、 GPS satellite, and will calculate and the forecast information by the infusion stands renews to the satellite information. The GPS system user is extremely covert, it is one kind of one-way system,the user only receives but does not need the transmitting message, and therefore user s quantity also
12、is not limited. Although GPS is the unification starts is, but very quantity also is not limited. Although GPS recei ver and processing software emerge in abundance. At present the receiver which appears in the Chinese market mainly has ROGUE,ASHTECH, TRIMBLE, LEICA, SOKKIA, TOPCON and so on. Can ca
13、rry on the observation to two frequencies the receiver to be called the double frequency receiver, only can carryon the observation to a frequency the receiver to become the inference. Says regarding the mapping user, GPS has caused the revolutionary change in the mapping domain, at present, in the
14、scope several thousand kilometers controls network, in the precision from hundred to the millimeter level localization, generally all GPS took the first choice method, is day by day mature along wi th the RTK technology, GPS started to decimeter and even a centimeter level layout, domain seepage and
15、 so on high accuracy dynamic localization. The international GPS geodetic survey served IGS with Earth dynamics from 1992, has established many data storage and the processing center in the whole world, year to year observed a station with hundred, our country has also set up Shanghai Yu Shan, Wuhan
16、, Xian, Taiwan and so on many year to year measuring platforms station, these stations observation data passed on every day through the internet net to US S data storage center, IGS also nearly real-time synthesizes various data processing center the result, and the participant international earth r
17、otation served the IERS global coordinates reference system maintenance and the earth rotation parameter issue. The user also may free on-line obtain product and so on observation data and precise star experience from internet. The GPS system real-time navigation pointing is very high,US hasimplemen
18、ted the so-called SA policy in 1992, namely reduces the broadcaststar to undergo the star posi tion precision, reduces the star clock to change thepositive number the precision, adds on the high frequency vibration to thesatellite datum frequency (to cause false distance measuring accuracy to reduce
19、with phase ), latter has implemented the A-S policy, soon P yard change is Y yardnamely further limi ts to the precise false distance survey, but American military and special permission user not these polices influences, but US in order to obtain the bigger commercial interest, these policy ends ar
20、e cancelled. 2. GPS localization principal The GPS receiver may receive and use in the time service accurately to the nanosecond level time information; will use in to forecast the future for several months the satellite to locate the summary position forecast star experience; Uses in calculates whe
21、n the localization to need the satelli te coordinates the broadcast star experience, the precision is (each satellite is different several meter to several dozens meterschanges as necessary); As well as GPS system information, like satellite condition and so on. The GPS receiver may obtain the satel
22、lite sign to the code to the receiver distance, because includes the receiver satellite clock the error and the atmosphere propagated error, therefore is called the false distance. The false distance obtains which to the OA code is called the UA code false distance, the precision approximately is ab
23、out 20 meters, obtains the false distance to P yard to be called P yard false distance, the precision approximately is about 2 meters. The GPS receiver to the satellite signal which receives, carries on the decoding or uses other technologies, will modulate after the carrier the information removes,
24、 will be allowed to restore the carrier. Strict says, the carrier phase should be called the carrier beat frequency phase, it is receives produces the Doppler shift influence satellite signal carrier phase and receiver this machine vibration difference of the signal phase. Generally experience Yuan
25、time which determined in the receiver clock surveyed, maintains to the satellite signal track under, may record the phase change value, but starts time the observation receiver and the satellite oscillator phase change value is does not know, namely misty degree of whole week, only can calculate in
26、the data processing as the parameter solution. Phase observation value precision high to millimeter, but the premise is solves misty degree of whole week, therefore only has when the relative localization, and has a section continuously observes the value can use the phase observation value, but mus
27、t achieve meters down to themillimeter level also only to be able to use the phase observation value. According to the locate mode, the GPS localization divides into the simple point localization and the relative localization (difference localization). The simple point localization is according to a
28、 receiver observation data determined the receiver position the way, it only can use the false distance view survey, may use in Chef Chuan and so on the summary navigation localization. The relative localization (difference localization) is according to two above receivers observation data determine
29、d between the observation point the relative position method, it already may use the false distance view survey also to be possible to use the phase view survey, the geodetic surveyor the project survey should use the phase observation value to carryon the relative localization. Has contained the sa
30、tellite and receiver ZhongChai, the atmospheric dissemination in the GPS view survey retards, error and so on multipart effect, when localization error the influence, when carries on the relative localization the majority of public errors are counterbalanced or weaken, therefore the pointing accurac
31、y greatly will enhance, the double frequency receiver will be allowed to act according to two frequencies in the view survey counterbalance atmosphere the ionosphere-path error main part, will request high in the precision, between the receiver the distance wi11 be farther when (atmosphere will have
32、 obvious difference), will be supposed to select the double frequency receiver. When localization observation, if the receiver is opposite to the earths surface movement, then is called the dynamic localization, like uses in summary navigation localization the and so on Chef Chuan precision is 30-10
33、0 meter false distance simple point localization, either uses in the city vehicles navigation localization rice level precision false distance difference localization(RTK), the real-time difference localization needs the data chain real-time transmits two or many stations observation data calculates
34、 together. When localization observation, if the receiver is opposite to the earths surface static, then is called the static localization, when carries on controls the net observes, generally selects this method by several receivers also to observe, it can maximum limit display GPS the pointing acc
35、uracy,special-purpose Yu Zheizhong the goal receiver is called the earth receiver,is in the receiver a performance best kind. At present, GPS already could achieve the earths crust performance observation the precision request, IGS year to year the measuring platform already can constitute millimete
36、r level the global coordinates frame. 3. RTK technologies The conventional GPS measuring technique, like the static state, the fast static state , the dynamic survey alleed afterwards to carryon the solution to calculate can obtain a centimeter level the precision, but RTK is can real-time obtain th
37、e centimeter level pointing accuracy in the open country the measuring technique, it has used the carrier phase dynamic real-time difference (Real-timekinematics) the method, is the GPS application significant milestone, its appearance for the project layout, the terrain mapping, each kind of contro
38、l survey has brought the new dawn, enormously enhanced the field operation work efficiency. The high accuracy GPS survey must use the carrier phase observation value,the RTK localization technology, it can real-time provide in assigns in the coordinate system the three dimensional localization resul
39、t, and achieves the centimeter level precision. Under the RTK work pattern, the datum stands through the data chain transmi ts together its observation value and the survey station coordinates information for the mobile station. Mobile stands not only receives the data through the data link which st
40、ands from the datum, but also must gather the GPS observation data, and composes the difference observation value in the system to carryon the real-time processing, simultaneously produces the centimeter level localization result, a lasted. The mobile station may be at the static condition, also may
41、 be at the state of motion; May first carryon the initialization after the fixed point to enter the dynamic work again, also may under the dynamic condition directly opening machine,and completes the week fuzziness search solution under the dynamic environment. After end knows the number solution to
42、 be fixed, then carries on each calendar Yuan real-time processing, so long as can maintain four above satellites phases observation value the track and the essential geometric figure ,then the mobile station may produce the centimeter level localization result as necessary.The RTK technology key li
43、es in the data processing technology and the data transmission technology, when the RTK localization requests the datum station receiver real-time the observation data (false distance observation value, phase observation value) and the know data transmission for the mobile station receive, the data
44、quantity quite big, generally all requests 9,600 bauds rate, this in on radio is not difficult to realize.4. The application of RTK(1) Each kind of control surveyThe traditional geodetic survey, the project control survey uses the triangular net, the line-network method executes measured, not only r
45、equires a lot of work time-consuming, request Indivisibility, moreover the precision distribution non-uniformity, also at the field operation did not know how the precision, does use conventional the GPS static state survey, the fast static state, the false dynamic method, survey in the process at f
46、ield operation not to be able real-time to know the pointing accuracy, after if surveys completes, after returns to house processing to discover the precision does no t gather the request, but also must return measured, but uses RTK to carryon the control survey, can real-time know the pointing accu
47、racy, if the fruits and cakes position precision request has satisfied, the user was allowed to stop observing, how moreover knew the observation quality, This may greatly enhance the work efficiency. If uses in the road control survey RTK,electronic circuit control survey, the hydraulic engineering
48、 control survey, the geodetic survey, then not only may greatly reducethe manpower intensi ty, the economical expense, moreover greatly enhances the working efficiency,measured a control point may complete in several minutes even several seconds.(2) Terrain mappingIn the past measured when topograph
49、ic diagram generally first must in measure area establishment chart root control point, then on chart root control point top carriage entire station meter or altazimuth coordination small flat panel mapping, now develops the field operation with the entire station meter and the electronic hand coordination thing code, uses big scale mapping software to carryon the mapping, even develops recent field operation electron dull mapping and so on, all requests in the survey station to measure all around terrain landform and so on de
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