1、.第一章第一篇sectiongTwo variables u(t) and i(t) are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuitu(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量，它们刻划了电路的各种关系。Charge and Current The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all el
2、ectrical phenomena. Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge. Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C). 电荷和电流 电荷的概念是用来解释所有电气现象的基本概念。也即，电路中最基本的量是电荷。电荷是构成物质的原子微粒的电气属性，它是以库仑为单位来度量的。We know from element
3、ary physics that all matter is made of fundamental building blocks known as atoms and that each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons. We also know that the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.6021010-19C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same m
4、agnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged. 我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造部分组成的，并且每个原子是由电子，质子和中子组成的。我们还知道电子的电量是负的并且在数值上等于1.60210010-12C，而质子所带的正电量在数值上与电子相等。质子和电子数量相同使得原子呈现电中性。We consider the flow of electric charges. A unique feature o
5、f electric charge or electricity is the fact that it is mobile; that is, it can be transferred from one place to another, where it can be converted to another form of energy让我们来考虑一下电荷的流动。电荷或电的特性是其运动的特性，也就是，它可以从一个地方被移送到另一个地方，在此它可以被转换成另外一种形式的能量。When a conducting wire is connected to a battery (a sourc
6、e of electromotive force), the charges are compelled to move; positive charges move in one direction while negative charges move in the opposite direction. This motion of charges creates electric current. It is conventional to take the currentflow as the movement of positive charges, that is, opposi
7、te to the flow of negative charges, as Fig.l-1 illustrates. This convention was introduced by Benjamin Franklin (l706l790), the American scientist and inventor. Although we now know that current in metallic conductors is due to negatively charged electrons, we will follow the universally accepted co
8、nvention that current is the net flow of positive charges. Thus, Electric current is the time rate of charge, measured in amperes (A). Mathematically, the relationship among current i, charge q, and time t is 当我们把一根导线连接到某一电池上时(一种电动势源)，电荷被外力驱使移动；正电荷朝一个方向移动而负电荷朝相反的方向移动。这种电荷的移动产生了电流。我们可以很方便地把电流看作是正电荷的移
9、动，也即，与负电荷的流动方向相反，如图11所示。这一惯例是由美国科学家和发明家本杰明富兰克林引入的。虽然我们现在知道金属导体中的电流是由负电荷引起的，但我们将遵循通用的惯例，即把电流看作是正电荷的单纯的流动。于是电流就是电荷的时率，它是以安培为单位来度量的。从数学上来说，电流i、电荷q以及时间t之间的关系是： The charge transferred between time t0 and t is obtained by integrating both sides of Eq. (1-1). We obtain从时间t0到时间t所移送的电荷可由方程（11）两边积分求得。我们算得：The
10、 way we define current as i in Eq. (1-l) suggests that current need not be a constant-valued function, charge can vary with time in several ways that may be represented by different kinds of mathematical functions我们通过方程（11）定义电流的方式表明电流不必是一个恒值函数，电荷可以不同的方式随时间而变化，这些不同的方式可用各种数学函数表达出来。电压，能量和功率 To move the
11、 electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires some work or energy transfer. This work is performed by an external electromotive force (emf), typically represented by the battery in Fig.l-1. This emf is also known as voltage or potential difference. The voltage uab between two points a
12、and b in an electric circuit is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b; mathematically 在导体中朝一个特定的方向移动电荷需要一些功或者能量的传递，这个功是由外部的电动势来完成的。图11所示的电池就是一个典型的例子。这种电动势也被称为电压或电位差。电路中a、b两点间的电压等于从a到b移动单位电荷所需的能量（或所需做的功）。数学表达式为：where w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulombs (C). T
13、he voltage uab is measured in volts (V), named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Antonio Volta (l745l827), who invented the first voltaic battery. Thus, Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V). 式中w是单位为焦耳的能量而q
14、是单位为库仑的电荷。电压Uab是以伏特为单位来度量的，它是为了纪念意大利物理学家Alessandro Antonio Volta而命名的，这位意大利物理学家发明了首个伏达电池。于是电压（或电压差）等于将单位电荷在元件中移动所需的能量，它是以伏特为单位来度量的。Fig.l-2 shows the voltage across an element (represented by a rectangular block ) connected to points a and b. The plus (+) and minus (-) signs are used to define referen
15、ce direction or voltage polarity. The uab can be interpreted in two ways: point a is at a potential of uab volts higher than point b; the potential at point a with respect to point b is uab. It follows logically that in general 图12显示了某个元件（用一个矩形框来表示）两端a、b之间的电压。正号（）和负号（）被用来指明参考方向或电压的极性，Uab可以通过以下两种方法来解
16、释。1）在Uab伏特的电位中a点电位高于b点，2）a点电位相对于b点而言是Uab，通常在逻辑上遵循Although current and voltage are the two basic variables in an electric circuit, they are not sufficient by themselves. For practical purposes, we need to know power and energy. To relate power and energy to voltage and current, we recall from physics
17、 that power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W). We write this relationship as 虽然电流和电压是电路的两个基本变量，但仅有它们两个是不够的。从实际应用来说，我们需要知道功率和能量。为了把功率和能量同电压、电流联系起来，我们重温物理学中关于功率是消耗或吸收的能量的时率，它是以瓦特为单位来度量的。我们把这个关系式写成：Where p is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J), and t is
18、 time in seconds (s). From Eq. (1-1), Eq. (1-3), and Eq. (1-5), it follows that 式中p是以瓦特为单位的功率，w是以焦耳为单位的能量，t是以秒为单位的时间，从方程（11）、（13）和（15）可以推出Because u and i are generally function of time, the power p in Eq. (1-6) is a time-varying quantity and is called the instantaneous power. The power absorbed or s
19、upplied by an element is the product of the voltage across the element and the current through it. If the power has a plus sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by the element. If, on the other hand, the power has a minus sign, power is being supplied by the element. But how do we know when
20、the power has a negative or a positive sign？由于u和i通常是时间的函数，方程（16）中的功率p是个时间变量于是被称为瞬时功率，某一元件吸收或提供的功率等于元件两端电压和通过它的电流的乘积。如果这个功率的符号是正的，那么功率向元件释放或被元件吸收。另一方面，如果功率的符号是负的，那么功率是由元件提供的。但我们如何得知何时功率为正或为负？Current direction and voltage polarity play a major role in determining the sign of power. It is therefore imp
21、ortant that we pay attention to the relationship between current i and voltage u in Fig.1-3(a). The voltage polarity and current i direction must conform with those shown in Fig.1-3(a) in order for the power to have a positive sign. This is known as the passive sign convention. By the passive sign c
22、onvention, current enters through the positive polarity of the voltage. In this case, p = ui or ui 0 implies that the element is absorbing power. However, if p = -ui or ui 0, as in Fig.1-3(b), the element is releasing or supplying power. 在我们确定功率符号时，电流的方向和电压的极性起着主要的作用，这就是我们在分析图13（a）所显示的电流i和电压u的关系时特别谨
23、慎的重要原因。为了使功率的符号为正，电压的极性和电流的方向必须与图13（a）所示的一致。 这种情况被称为无源符号惯例，对于无源符号惯例来说，电流流进电压的正极。在这种情况下，pui或ui0，表明元件是在吸收功率。而如果pui或ui 0, then terminal a is at a higher potential than terminal b. The opposite is true, of course, if u 0，那么a端的电位高于b端，当然，如果u0，反之亦然。In Fig.1-4(a), the voltage u may be time varying, or it ma
24、y be constant, in which case we would probably label it U. Another symbol that is often used for a constant voltage source, such as a battery with U volts across its terminals, is shown in Fig.1-4(b). In the case of constant sources we shall use Fig.1-4(a) and 1-4(b) interchangeably.在图14（a）中，电压u可以是随
25、时间而变化，或者可以是恒定的，在这种情况下我们可能把它标为U，对于恒定电压源我们通常使用另一种符号，例如在两端只有U伏电压的电池组，如图14（b）所示。在恒定源的情况下我们可以交替地使用于图14（a）或图14（b）We might observe at this point that the polarity marks on Fig.1-4(b) are redundant since the polarity could be defined by the positions of the longer and shorter lines. 我们可能已经注意到这一点，即图14（b）中的极性
26、标号，是多余的因为我们可以根据长天线的位置符，确定电池极性An independent current source is a two-terminal element through which a specified current flows. The current is completely independent of the voltage across the element. The symbol for an independent current source is shown in Fig.1-5, where i is the specified current. T
27、he direction of the current is indicated by the arrow一个独立电流源是二端元件在两端之间特定的电流流过，该电流完全独立于元件两端的电压，一个独立电流源的符合如图15所示。图中i是特定电流，该电流的方向由箭头标明Independent sources are usually meant to deliver power to the external circuit and not to absorb it. Thus if u is the voltage across the source and its current i is dire
28、cted out of the positive terminal, then the source is delivering power, given by p = ui, to the external circuit. Otherwise it is absorbing power. For example, in Fig.1-6 (a) the battery is delivering 24 W to the external circuit. In Fig.1-6(b) the battery is absorbing 24 W, as would be the case whe
29、n it is being charged. 独立源通常指的是向外电路释放功率而非吸收功率，因此如果u是电源两端的电压而电流i直接从其正端流出，那么该电源正在向对电路释放功率，由式pui算出。否则它就在吸收功率。例如图16（a）中电池正在向外电路释放功率24w，在图16（b）中，电池就在充电情况，吸收功率24w。Dependent sources An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage
30、or current. Dependent sources are usually designated by diamond-shaped symbols, as shown in Fig.1-7Since the control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or current of some other element in the circuit, and the source can be voltage or current, it follows that there are four possible typ
31、es of dependent sources, namely:（1）A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).（2）A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).（3）A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).（4）A current-controlled current source (CCCS). Dependent sources are useful in modeling elements such as transistors, operational
32、amplifiers and integrated circuits. 一个理想的受控源是一个有源元件，它的电源量是由另外一个电压和电流所控制。受控源通常用菱形符号表明，如图17所示。由于控制受控源的控制量来自于电路中其他元件的电压或电流，同时由于受控源可以是电压源或电流源。由此可以推出四种可能的受控源类型，即电压控制电压源（VCVS）电流控制电压源（CCVS）电压控制电流源（VCCS）电流控制电流源（CCCS）受控源在模拟诸如晶体管、运算放大器以及集成电路这些元件时是很有用的It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent
33、or independent) will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow. Thus an ideal source could in theory supply an infinite amount of energy. It should also be noted
34、that not only do sources supply power to a circuit, but they can absorb power from a circuit too. For a voltage source, we know the voltage but not the current supplied or drawn by it. By the same token, we know the current supplied by a current source but not the voltage across it. 应该注意的是：一个理想电压源（独
35、立或受控）可向电路提供以保证其端电压为规定值所需的任意电流，而电流源可向电路提供以保证其电流为规定值所必须的电压。还应当注意的是电源不仅向电路提供功率，他们也可从电路吸收功率。对于一个电压源来说，我们知道的是由其提供或所获得的电压而非电流，同理，我们知道电流源所提供的电流而非电流源两端的电压。第二章第一篇To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital compu
36、ter, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionagethe role of electronics is large, and it is growing.谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。从无处不在的集成电路到同
37、样无处不在的数字计算机，我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面电子学的作用是巨大的，而且还将不断增强。 In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as signal-processing“tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term一般说来，我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号处理”工作，让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。A signal i
38、s any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The ph
39、ysical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of signals, therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Th
40、us, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore,
41、 provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。这种信息或许像无线电广播的演讲和音乐，或许是像室内温度的物理量，或许像股市交易记录的数字数据。在电气系统中能够载有信息的物理变量是电压和电流。因此当我们谈到“信号”，我们不言而喻指的是电压和电流，然而，我们要讨论的大多数概念是可以被直接应用于载有不同信息的变量的系统，因此，一个机械系统（在这个系统中力和速度是其变量）或者液压系统（在这个系统中压力和流速是其变量）的性能通常可以用一个等效的电气系统来模
42、拟或表示。因此，我们对于电气系统性能的理解为理解更宽领域的现象打下了一个基础。A signal can carry information in two different forms. In an analog signal the continuous variation of the voltage or current with time carries the information. An example, in Fig.2-l, is the voltage produced by a thermocouple pair when the two junctions are at
43、 different temperatures. As the temperature difference between the two junctions varies, the magnitude of the voltage across the thermocouple pair also varies. The voltage thus provides an analog representation of the temperature difference. 一个信号可以以两种形式来承载信息。在一个模拟信号中电压或电流随时间而产生的连续变化载有信息。在图2-1中，当一对热电偶的接头处于不同的温度时由热电偶所产生的电压就是一个例子。当两个接头之间的温度差改变时，一
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