安全工程专业外语翻译.doc

1、Unit 1Safety Management Systems安全管理体系1.Accident Causation Models1.事故致因理论The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned.

2、 Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God a

3、nd very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the resul

4、t of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment. 安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。在制定预防性计划时，了解为什么、怎样做和其他意外事故的发展是十分重要的。事故致因理论旨在阐明事故现象，和解释事故的机理。所有现代理论都是基于试图解释事件发生、发展过程和最终引起损失的事故致因理论。在古老的时期，事故被看做是上帝的行为并且几乎没有预防的方法去阻止他们。在20世纪开始的时候，人们开始相信差的物理条件是事故发生的根源。安全从业人员集中注意力在提高

5、机器监护、维护和清理上。在大多数情况下，一件事故的发生主要有两个原因：人类的行为和物理或者社会环境。Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions，and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system.

6、 Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organizations operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a thr

7、ee-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays，this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work.彼得森根据管理体系中个人的行为结合当地的环境扩充了事故致因理论。他的结论是像不安全行为、不安全情况是一些错误的组织管理系统导致事故的征兆。另外，他指出，高层管理人员负责建立一个能够有效控制危险源有关组织。一

8、个人出现的错误可能是有意的或者是无意的。拉斯姆森和杰森已经提出了三个层次的技能规则知识模型来描述不同种类的人错误的起源。如今，这种模式已经成为在工作中检验人的错误的标准之一。Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919，based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominat

9、ed the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely on employees rather than the work process or poor management practices. Since investigations to discover the underlying causal factors were fe

10、lt unnecessary and/or too costly, a little attention was paid to how accidents actually happened. Employees attitudes towards risks and risk taking have been studied, e. g. by Sulzer-Azaroff. According to her, employees often behave unsafely, even when they are fully aware of the risks involved. Man

11、y research results also show that the traditional promotion methods like campaigns, posters and safety slogans have seldom increased the use of safe work practices. When backed up by other activities such as training, these measures have been somewhat more effective. Experiences on some successful m

12、ethods to change employee behavior and attitudes have been reported. One well-known method is a small-group process used for improving housekeeping in industrial workplaces. A comprehensive model of accident causation has been presented by Reason who introduced the concept of organizational error. H

13、e stated that corporate culture is the starting-point of the accident sequence. Local conditions and human behavior are only contributing factors in the build-up of the undesired event. The latent organizational failures lead to accidents and incidents when penetrating systems defenses and barriers.

14、 Gmoeneweg has developed Reasons model by classifying the typical latent error types. His TRIPOD mode! calls the different errors as General Failure Types ( CFTs). The concept of organizational error is in conjunction with the fact that some organizations behave more safely than others. It is often

15、said that these organizations have good safety culture. After the Chernobyl accident，this term became well-known also to the public.事故的倾向性模型表示有些人比其他人更容易引起事故。第一种模型建立在1919年来源于军工厂的统计检查。这种模式占据了人们在安全思考和研究的时间将近50年，并且仍然被一些组织使用，这种思维所造成的结果是，发生事故的责任仅仅在于员工而不是工作过程和较差的管理实践。由于对于造成事故发生根本因素的调查被认为是不必要的或者是所花费的成本太高，造成

16、人们对于事故如何发生的关注较少。祖尔策阿扎罗夫研究了员工对于风险和承担风险的态度，研究表明，即使员工意识到了所涉及的风险，他们仍然会有不安全的行为。许多研究表明了传统的宣传方式，例如活动，海报和安全标语，很少能够增加人们对于安全准则的使用。当通过训练去巩固这些活动的时候，这些方法在某种程度上更加有效。一些在改变员工行为和态度成功的方法已经被报道。一个为人所知道的方法就是一个小团体的改进在提高工厂管理效率。里森提出了一个综合的事故原因模型，阐明了组织概念上的错误。他表明，企业文化就是那个事件的出发点。外部的生活环境和人们的行为仅仅是意外事件发生的触发因素。那些潜在的组织的失败导致了事故和事件当穿

17、过系统的防御和越过障碍的时候。Groeneweg已经通过把典型的进行错误分类改进了里森的模型。他的TRIPO的模型把不同的失误称作一般故障模型。组织概念的错误与有些组织比其他组织表现安全的事实是相一致的。人们常说，这些组织的表现出良好的安全文化。切尔诺贝利时间发生以后，这个名字也随之被公众所知道。Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry. Lees has pointed out that loss prevention differs

18、 from traditional safety approach in several ways. For example, there is more emphasis on foreseeing hazards and taking actions before accidents occur. Also, there is more emphasis on a systematic rather than a trial and error approach. This is also natural, since accidents in process industry can h

19、ave catastrophic consequences. Besides the injuries to people, I he damage to plant and loss of profit are major concerns in loss prevention. The future research on the ultimate causes of accidents seems to focus on the functioning and management of the organization. The strategic management, leader

20、ship, motivation, and the personnels visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study.损失预防是一个在工业进程中危险源控制的过程中经常被提到的一个概念。Lee指出损失预防在相比于传统的几个安全措施有几个不同的地方。例如，它更强调在事故发生之前发现危险源并采取行动。此外，也更强调事故的系统性而不是进行错误的尝试。这也是很正常的，由于工业过程可能产生灾难性的后果，因此除了对人的伤害，对工厂的伤害和利润的损失也是损失预防的主要方面。对于未来的研究人们把关注点放

21、在了组织的运行和管理上面。战略管理，领导，动机以及个人可见和不可见的价值观是一些仍处在被讨论过程中的问题。2. Safety Management as an Organizational Activity2.安全管理作为一种政策规划Safety management is one of the management activities of a company. Different companies have different management practices，and also different ways to control health and safety hazard

22、s. Organizational culture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior. One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptionsinvented，discovered, or developed by a

23、given group as it leans to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integrationthat has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. The concept of safety culture

24、 is today under intensive study in industrialized countries. Booth & Lee have stated that an organizations safety culture is a subset of the overall organizational culture. This argument, in fact, suggests that a companys organizational culture also determines the maximum level of safety the company

25、 can reach. The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organizations health and safety management. Furthermore, organization

26、s with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety, and by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures. There have been many attempts to develop methods for measuring safety culture. Williamson el al.

27、have summarized some of the factors that the various studies have shown to influence organizations safety culture. These include ：organizational responsibility for safety, management attitudes towards safety, management activity in responding to health and safety problems, safety training and promot

28、ion，level of risk at the workplace，workers involvement in safety，and status of the safety officer and the safety committee.安全管理是一个公司的管理活动之一。不同的公司有不同的管理方式，通过不同的方式来控制健康和安全隐患。组织文化是影响组织业绩和行为的重要成分。Schenin曾对于组织文化提出了一个全面的定义，组织文化是一个制式的基本假设某一组人处理外部适应和内部整合的问题时的发明、发现、发展的 这一直运作良好，足以被认为是有效的，因此，要教给新成员的感知，思考和感觉有关这

29、些问题的正确方式。安全文化的概念如今正在工业化的国家被深入研究。Booth和Lee都表示，一个组织的安全文化是整个组织文化的一个子集。这种说法其实表明，一个公司的组织文化也决定了公司可以达到的安全的最高水平。组织的安全文化是个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和确定承诺的行为模式，决定了一个组织的健康和安全管理的风格和熟练程度的产物。此外积极的安全文化机构具有这样的特征，即通过建立在相互信任和通过安全的重要性共享的观念沟通，并通过信心的预防措施的有效性。已经有许多人尝试开发用于测量安全文化的方法。Williamson等人由各种研究表明总结了一些影响企业的安全文化的因素，其中包括：安全组织责任，

30、管理部门对安全的态度，对于应对健康和安全问题的管理活动，安全培训和推广，风险的工作场所层面，在工人参与安全制定中，安全主任和安全委员会的地位。 Organizations behave differently in the different parts of the world. This causes visible differences also in safety activities, both in employee level and in the management level. Reasons for these differences are discussed in

31、the following. The studies of Wobbe reveal that shop-floor workers in the USA are, in general, less trained and less adaptable than those in Germany or Japan. Wobbe claims that one reason for this is that, in the USA, companies providing further training for their staff can expect to lose these peop

32、le to the competitors. This is not so common in Europe or in Japan. Furthermore ，for unionized companies in the USA，seniority is valued very highly，while training or individuals skills and qualifications do not effect job security，employment, and wage levels very much. Oxenburgh has studied the tota

33、l costs of absence from work, and found that local culture and legislation has a strong effect on absenteeism rates. For example, the national systems for paying and receiving compensation explain the differences to some extent. Oxenburgh mentions Sweden as a high absenteeism country, and Australia

34、as a low absenteeism country. In Sweden injuries and illnesses are paid by the state social security system, while in Australia, the employer pays all these costs, including illnesses not related to work. Comparison of accident statistics reveals that there are great national differences in accident

35、 frequencies and in the accident related absenteeism from work. Some of the differences can be explained by the different accident reporting systems. For example, in some countries only absenteeism lasting more than three working days is included in the statistics. The frequency of minor accidents v

36、aries a lot according to the possibility to arrange substitutive work to the injured worker. Placing the injured worker to another job or to training is a common practice for example in the USA and in the UK, while in the Scandinavian countries this is a rarely used procedure世界上的不同地区组织管理的行为不同。这也将导致明

37、显的安全活动的差异，无论是在员工水平和管理水平。这些差异的原因将在下面讨论。Wobbe的研究表明，在美国的车间工人，一般来说，比德国或日本的培训更少，更较难适应。Wobbe声称，一个原因是，在美国企业提供进一步的培训有可能会失去这些员工，而这些在欧洲或日本不是很常见。此外,在美国公司的工会,资历的价值非常高,而个人的技能和经历不影响工作的稳定、就业和工资水平。Oxenburgh研究旷工所带来的全部损失，他发现当地文化和立法对旷工率有很大的影响。例如,国家在支付和接受赔偿方面一定程度上解释了这些差异。Oxenburgh提到瑞典是一个高缺勤率的国家，而澳大利亚则相反。在瑞典，企业的损失和治疗疾病的

38、费用由国家保障体系支付，而在澳大利亚，雇主支付包括与工作无关疾病的所有费用。综合比较各种事故调查资料显示，在事故发生频率和事故的相关的旷工上不同民族有巨大的差异。一些差异可以由不同的事故报告系统来解释。例如，在有些国家只把持续缺勤在三个工作日以上的员工统计在内，轻伤事故发生的频率取决于对于受伤工人安排替代性工作的可能性。例如在美国和英国的普遍做法是对于受伤的工人进行培训并给予另外一份工作，然而在纳维亚的国家中，这种方法很少被使用。 Some organizations are more aware of the importance of health and safety at work t

39、han others. Clear development stages can be found in the process of improving the management of safety. Waring has divided organizations to three classes according to their maturity and ability to create an effective safety management system. Waring calls the three organizational models as the mecha

40、nical model, the socio-technical model, and the human activity system approach. In the mechanical model, the structures and processes of an organization are well-defined and logical, but people as individuals, groups, and the whole organizations are not considered. The socio-technical model is an ap

41、proach to work design which recognizes the interaction of technology and people，and which produces work systems that are technically effective and have characters that lead to high job satisfaction. A positive dimension in this model is that human factors are seen important, for example, in communic

42、ation, training and emergency responses. The last model, the human activity system approach focuses on people, and points out the complexity of organizations. The strength of this approach is that both formal (or technical) paradigms and human aspects like motivation, learning, culture, and power re

43、lations are considered. Waring points out that although the human activity approach does not automatically guarantee success, it has proven to be beneficial to organizations in the long run.一些企业意识到在工作之中健康和安全是最重要的。在企业的安全管理的提升的过程中可以看到清晰的发展阶段。华林根据其成熟度和建立一个有效的安全管理制度的能力将组织划分了三类。华林三种组织模式分别为为机械式模型，社会和技术模式，

44、以及人类活动的系统方法。在机械式模型中，一个组织的结构和流程都明确定义和逻辑，但并没有考虑到人、群体和整个组织。社会和技术模式是通过设计工作，认识到技术与人的关系，开创了有效并具备高工作满意度的工作系统。在此模型中的积极的方面是人为因素被视为重要的，例如，在通信，培训和紧急响应。最后的模型中，人类活动的系统方法侧重于人，并指出了组织的复杂性。这种方法的优势在于，正式（或技术）的范例和人力方面，如动机，学习，文化和能量关系的考虑。韦林指出，虽然人类活动的做法并不能确保成功，它已被证明是对组织的长远发展有利。3. Safety Policy and Planning3.安全政策与规划 A stat

45、us review is the basis for a safety policy and the planning of safety activities. According to BS 8800 a status review should compare the companys existing arrangements with the applicable legal requirements, organizations current safety guidelines, best practices in the industrys branch，and the exi

46、sting resources directed to safety activities. A thorough review ensures that the safety policy and the activities are developed specifically according to the needs of the company.状态评论是一个安全政策和规划基础的安全活动。根据BS 8800的状态评估应该将企业的当前状况与适用的法律要求，组织当前的安全方针，在行业中表现最好的做法，及用于安全活动的现有资源进行比较。一个彻底的状况评审能确保根据公司的需要来开发安全政策

47、和活动。A safety policy is the managements expression of the direction to be followed in the organization. According to Petersen, a safety policy should commit the management at all levels and it should indicate which tasks, responsibilities and decisions are left to lower-level management. Booth and Le

48、e have stated that a safety policy should also include safety goals as well as quantified objectives and priorities. The standard BS 8800 suggests that in the safety policy，management should show commitment to the following subjects ：一个安全政策是组织中要遵守的指令在管理层的表现。安全政策应指导各级管理人员，并应说明哪些任务，职责和决定都留给较低级别的管理。布斯和

49、Lee表示,安全政策还应该包括安全目标、量化目标和优先事项。根据BS 8800标准中的安全政策,管理人员应该承诺以下主题:Health and safety are recognized as an integral part of business performance ；A high level of health and safety performance is a goal which is achieved by using the legal requirements as the minimum, and where the continual cost- effective improvement of performance is the way to do things；Adequate and appropriate resources are provided to implement the safety policy；The health and safety objectives are set and published at least by internal notifi