goldscienceandapplications.pdf

1、65238.indb 110/30/09 9:57:38 AM65238.indb 210/30/09 9:57:38 AMEdited byChristopher CortiRichard HollidayCRC Press is an imprint of theTaylor&Francis Group,an informa businessBoca Raton London New Yorkwith the support of65238.indb 310/30/09 9:57:39 AMCRC PressTaylor&Francis Group6000 Broken Sound Par

2、kway NW,Suite 300Boca Raton,FL 33487-2742 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group,LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor&Francis Group,an Informa businessNo claim to original U.S.Government worksPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free paper10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1International Standard Book Number:9

3、78-1-4200-6523-7(Hardback)This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information,but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-ity of all materials or the consequences of

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8、and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataGold:science and applications/editors,Christopher Corti,Richard Holliday.p.cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-4200-6523-7(hardcover:alk.paper)1.G

9、old.I.Corti,Christopher.II.Holliday,Richard.QD181.A9G653 2010620.18922-dc22 2009038080Visit the Taylor&Francis Web site athttp:/and the CRC Press Web site athttp:/ 65238.indb 410/30/09 9:57:39 AMIn MemoriamSince writing the preface,we are sad to report that one of the authors,David Thompson,died aft

10、er a sudden illness.His chapter,co-authored with Sonia Carabineiro,is a testament to his standing as an acknowledged expert in gold catalysis.65238.indb 510/30/09 9:57:40 AM65238.indb 610/30/09 9:57:40 AMviiContentsPreface.ixContributors.xi 1.Chapter Gold Supply and Demand.1Neil Meader 2.Chapter The

11、 Physics and Optical Properties of Gold.13Martin G.Blaber,Mike J.Ford,and Michael B.Cortie3.Chapter A Primer of Gold Chemistry.31Alan L.Balch and Thelma Y.Garcia4.Chapter Surface Electrochemistry of Gold.51L.Declan Burke and Andrew M.OConnell5.Chapter Gold Luminescence.69Vivian Wing-Wah Yam and Chi-

12、Hang Tao6.Chapter Gold Catalysis.89Snia Alexandra Correia Carabineiroand David Thomas Thompson7.Chapter Metallurgy of Gold.123Jrg Fischer-Bhner8.Chapter Gold in Metal Joining.161David M.Jacobson and Giles Humpston 9.Chapter Jewelry Manufacturing Technology.191Christopher W.Corti1.0.Chapter Biomedica

13、l Applications of Gold and Gold Compounds.217Elizabeth A.Pacheco,Edward R.T.Tiekink,and Michael W.Whitehouse 1.1.Chapter Gold Electroplating.231Antonello Vicenzo and Pietro L.Cavallotti65238.indb 710/30/09 9:57:40 AMviii Contents 1.2.Chapter Gold Thick Film Pastes.279Kenichiro Takaoka 1.3.Chapter Go

14、ld Bonding Wire.287Koichiro Mukoyama 1.4.Chapter Gold in Dentistry.295Paul J.Cascone 1.5.Chapter Decorative Gold Materials.317Peter T.Bishop and Patsy A.Sutton 1.6.Chapter Nanotechnological Applications of Gold.369Jonathan A.Edgar and Michael B.Cortie 1.7.Chapter Miscellaneous Uses of Gold.399Richar

15、d Holliday and Christopher CortiIndex.40765238.indb 810/30/09 9:57:41 AMixPrefaceThe science and technology of gold is currently going through an exciting period of its history and is leading to new industrial and medical applications of this unique metal.It is unique,not only because of its propert

16、ies(it is one of only two colored metals,for example,as well as being the most noble and most malleable),but because of its history and its role in society,where it serves as a monetary asset,for adornment,as well as an industrial and decorative metal.Gold has a unique color and has been prized thro

17、ughout history for its beauty and value,but it also has an interesting science that we are just beginning to unravel and exploit.Traditional applica-tions have centered mainly on its metallic properties,and its chemistry has been rather overlooked,but that omission is being redressed.The surprising

18、discovery of golds catalytic properties in recent years and the development of its nanotechnology are leading to some exciting applications with enormous potential in industry and medicine.There have been many excellent books written on certain aspects of the science and technol-ogy of gold,most not

19、ably the book of the Hanau gold conference held in 1996(Gold:Progress in Chemistry,Biochemistry and Technology,edited by Hubert Schmidbaur and published in 1999),and there are several new books covering specific sectors of gold science,for example,on catalysis,chemistry,and nanotechnology.However,fo

20、r those seeking a broader reference source on gold and covering all technical sectors,the most appropriate book on gold,Gold Usage by Bill Rapson and Theo Groenewald,was published over 30 years ago in 1978.The world of gold has changed considerably since then,and we believe it is time for an updated

21、 book that reflects the more recent developments.The interest in the science,technology,and applications of gold has grown considerably over recent years,as evidenced by the huge increase in scientific publications in learned journals,the growth in attendance at the series of international gold conf

22、erences held since Hanau(it returned to Germany in 2009),and the expansion of readership of the sole journal dedicated to gold,Gold Bulletin.It is interesting to note that over$13 billion worth of gold was used in industrial(and medi-cal)applications in 2007,and consumption in this sector is predict

23、ed to grow significantly,much of it in new and green applications.Gold has a significant role to play in our quality of life during the twenty-first century.With the cooperation of some of the leading experts in their field,we have attempted to produce a book that is a worthy successor to Rapson and

24、 to provide an authoritive source of information.We have attempted to cover all the main scientific areas as well as the main areas of application.In some cases this has required some very detailed scientific chapters;other fields require less specific detail and have focused more on the practical a

25、pplication.In addition,to help readers place this sci-ence and technology in the context of a much wider gold market,a chapter on the supply,demand and pricing of gold is included.Taken together,our aim for the book is to appeal to those working in both academia and industry.Keen readers might also

26、note that the chapter headings are somewhat different from those of Rapson and reflect the changes that have occurred since it was published.We hope that we have succeeded in producing a reference work that is useful and also enjoyable to read;we have enjoyed editing it,but then we are“aurophiles,”s

27、o we would,wouldnt we!65238.indb 910/30/09 9:57:41 AMx PrefaceWe appreciate and acknowledge the first-class contributions of the authors who cooperated in producing this book and the encouragement and support of the team at the publisher,CRC Press.It was a pleasure to work with them.We also acknowle

28、dge our employer,World Gold Council,for their support,which has made editing this book so much easier.They,too,have an interest in grow-ing industrial applications for gold,which,in turn,leans on new gold science and technology.Christopher W.Corti and Richard J.HollidayInternational TechnologyWorld

29、Gold Council London,U.K.65238.indb 1010/30/09 9:57:41 AMxiContributorsAlan L.Balch Department of Chemistry University of California,DavisDavis,CaliforniaPeter T.BishopJohnson Matthey Technology CentreReading,England,United KingdomMartin G.BlaberInstitute for Nanoscale TechnologyUniversity of Technol

30、ogy SydneySydney,AustraliaL.Declan Burke Department of ChemistryUniversity College Cork Cork,IrelandSnia Alexandra Correia CarabineiroFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoPorto,PortugalPaul J.CasconeThe Argen CorporationSan Diego,CaliforniaPietro L.Cavallotti Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e

31、Ingegneria Chimica“Giulio Natta”Politecnico di Milano Milano,ItalyChristopher W.CortiWorld Gold CouncilLondon,England,United KingdomMichael B.CortieInstitute for Nanoscale TechnologyUniversity of Technology SydneySydney,AustraliaJonathan A.Edgar Institute for Nanoscale TechnologyUniversity of Techno

32、logy SydneySydney,AustraliaJrg Fischer-BhnerIndutherm Erwrmungsanlagen GmbHWalzbachtal-Wssingen,Germany&Legor Group SrlBressanvido(VI),ItalyMike J.Ford Institute for Nanoscale TechnologyUniversity of Technology SydneySydney,AustraliaThelma Y.GarciaDepartment of Chemistry University of California,Dav

33、isDavis,CaliforniaRichard HollidayWorld Gold CouncilLondon,England,United KingdomGiles HumpstonTessera Inc.San Jose,CaliforniaDavid M.JacobsonBuckinghamshire New UniversityHigh Wycombe,England,United KingdomNeil MeaderGFMS LimitedLondon,England,United Kingdom65238.indb 1110/30/09 9:57:42 AMxii Contr

34、ibutorsKoichiro MukoyamaTanaka Denshi Kogyo K.K.Saga,JapanAndrew M.OConnellDepartment of ChemistryUniversity College Cork Cork,IrelandElizabeth A.Pacheco The University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio,TexasPatsy A.SuttonJohnson Matthey Technology CentreReading,England,United KingdomKenichiro Taka

35、okaShonan PlantTanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K.Kanagawa,JapanChi-Hang TaoCentre for Carbon-Rich Molecular and Nanoscale Metal-Based Materials Research,and Department of ChemistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong,Peoples Republic of ChinaDavid Thomas Thompson(Deceased)Newlands,The VillageReading,Englan

36、d,United KingdomEdward R.T.TiekinkNanyang Technological University Singapore Antonello Vicenzo Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica“Giulio Natta”Politecnico di Milano Milano,ItalyMichael W.WhitehouseGriffith UniversityBrisbane,AustraliaVivian Wing-Wah Yam Centre for Carbon-Rich Mol

37、ecular and Nanoscale Metal-Based Materials Research,and Department of ChemistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong,Peoples Republic of China 65238.indb 1210/30/09 9:57:42 AM11Gold Supply and DemandNeil MeaderINTRODUCTIONTo help readers place the information contained in this book in the context of

38、a much wider gold market,a chapter summarizing the supply,demand,and pricing of gold follows.Detailed market terminology has been kept to a minimum,but those readers wishing to further expand their under-standing of the market are directed to a separate text 1.The supply of gold comes essentially fr

39、om two distinct sources,namely new mine production and previously mined metal now sitting aboveground as stocks in various forms.New mine produc-tion provides the greatest amount of gold to the market each year,typically accounting for around two-thirds of total supply.In recent decades,annual produ

40、ction has exploded,up from less than 1,000 tonnes in 1980 to a peak of 2,645 tonnes in 2001,although more recently,output has fallen somewhat.The bulk of supply from aboveground stocks comes from the recycling of the metal contained in manufactured(or fabricated)products,the vast majority of which c

41、omes from jewelry.It is therefore not surprising that the supply from recycling,typically referred to as old scrap,has generally kept to a rising trend,reflecting the addition each year to the pool of available metal from that years jewelry production.Other areas of supply from aboveground stocks in

42、clude sales by central banks,hedging by min-ing companies(a form of advanced selling),and disinvestment from private holdings(which is reviewed in an upcoming section under demand as investment).Net sales by central banks have been a constant feature of the gold market since 1989,and over the past d

43、ecade,these provided an average of about 500 tonnes of gold to the market each year.Central banks do purchase gold,but buying globally on a net basis has not been seen since 1988.Hedging by mining companies is,in essence,equivalent to gold producers selling their future production at current prices.

44、Such transac-tions normally involve gold being borrowed and sold in todays market with producers later deliver-ing their production against these commitments.Hedging was a major source of supply in the late CONTeNTsIntroduction.1Mine Supply.2Producer Hedging.4Aboveground Stocks.5Central Banks.5Scrap

45、 .6Jewelry.7Other Fabrication.8Investment.9Gold Price.11Disclaimer.12References.1265238.indb 110/30/09 9:57:43 AM2 Gold:Science and Applications1980s and the 1990s,but more recently,positive sentiment toward prices has resulted in producers cutting their hedge book commitments.This in essence adds t

46、o demand and this position of“de-hedging”on a net basis has been in practice since 2000.Moving to the demand for gold,the largest portion is accounted for by the fabrication of jewelry.Demand for jewelry can be broadly divided into two categories.The first covers demand in the industrialized world,w

47、here adornment is the primary buying motive and purchases are not that responsive to the price of gold.The second concerns demand in the developing world,where quasi-investment motives can dominate,which typically make purchases sensitive to price moves.Fueled by population growth,rising incomes,and

48、 favorable gold price conditions,jewelry demand kept to a broadly rising path throughout the 1980s and 1990s.Since then,however,gold jewelry has come under pressure from the diversion of discretionary income to other products(such as electronics),structural changes within the jewelry market,and the

49、long-term rise in gold prices.The remainder of fabrication demand is mainly accounted for by the uses broadly described in this book,that is,golds use in electronics(such as gold bonding wires),dentistry,and decorative uses(for example,the plating of costume jewelry).It also includes coins,which are

50、 not the subject of this text.Electronics is by some margin the most important area here,having grown comparatively steadily to over 300 tonnes by 2007 or just over 10%of total fabrication demand.Investment in gold is essentially divided into two main areas,physical and so-called paper prod-ucts.The