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1、光辉国际三级翻译培训（英译中笔译） Week 8澳洲简介1. European SettlementEuropean contact with the Australian continent was a by product of 16th and 17th century mercantile expansion into Asia by Portugal, Spain and Holland. In 1606 Spanish navigator, Luis Vaez de Torres, sailed through the strait which now bears his na

2、me. In the same year a Dutch ship, Duyfken, made the first authenticated landing in Australia, at Cape York. In 1642, Dutchman Abel Tasman reached Tasmania, which he named Van Diemens Land. Other sightings and landings occurred; but it was not until 1770 that the more fertile east coast was sighted

3、by Captain James Cook of the British Royal Navy.British settlementOn 13 May 1787, a fleet of 11 ships sailed from England. They reached Botany Bay on 18 January 1788 with 1530 people aboard, 736 of whom were convicts. Eight days later the fleet left to establish a settlement at Port Jackson a few ki

4、lometres north. The settlement grew to be Sydney, Australias biggest city.ExplorationFor many years the rugged Blue Mountains blocked western expansion of the Sydney settlement. Discovery of a passage over the mountains in 1813 opened the way for inland exploration. Settlements were established in H

5、obart, Tasmania in 1803; on the Brisbane River, Queensland in 1824; on the Swan River, Western Australia in 1829; on Port Phillip Bay, Victoria in 1835; and on Gulf St Vincent, South Australia in 1836. The capital cities of Australias five States have grown from those sites.Population growth and eco

6、nomic expansion prompted the colonies to call for self-government and on 1 January 1901 the six colonies joined in a federation of States, to become the Commonwealth of Australia.-1. 欧洲人定居澳洲欧洲人同澳洲大陆的接触是十六、十七世纪葡萄牙、西班牙和荷兰向亚洲开展贸易的副产品。 1606 年，西班牙航海家路易斯

7、瓦艾斯德托雷斯航行驶过一个目前以他的姓氏命名的海峡。同年，荷兰船 “杜伊夫根” 号到达约克角，船员们登上澳洲，这是第一次确凿可信的在澳洲登陆。 1642 年，荷兰人埃贝尔塔斯曼到达塔斯马尼亚，将它命名为 “范迪们的土地”。以后，也曾有人看到澳洲并登上这个大陆，但是真正发现这块大陆较富绕的东海岸的是 1770 年英国海军的詹姆斯库克船长。英国人定

8、居澳洲1787 年 5 月 13 日，一支由 11 艘船组成的船队从英国启航， 1788 年 1 月 18 日到达波塔尼湾。当时，船上共有 1530 人，其中 736 人是罪犯。八天以后，这支船队继续向北航行几公里，在杰克逊港建立了定居点。这个定居点逐渐发展，后来成为澳大利亚最大的城市悉尼。探险崎岖不平的蓝山山脉多年一直是悉尼定居点向西发展的障碍。 1813 年，人们终于

9、发现了一条穿越这座山脉去内地探索的通道。1803 年，在塔斯马尼亚的霍巴特建立了定居点。 1824 年在昆士兰的布里斯班河畔， 1829 年在西澳大利亚的斯旺河畔， 1835 年在维多利亚的菲利普港湾， 1836 年在南澳大利亚的圣文森特湾都相继建立了定居点。定居点后来发展成为五个州的首府。人口的增长和经济的发展促使各殖民地要求建立自治政府。

10、1901 年 1 月 1 日，六个殖民地终于结合起来，成立了澳大利亚联邦。-2. STATES AND TERRITORIESEuropean settlement of Australia began in 1788 when a British penal colony was established on the east coast of the continent. Six British colonies were eventually established. In 1901 these colonies joined as a federa

11、tion. The years following saw Australia grow increasingly independent of Britain.Australias six States are New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. The mainland territories are the Northern Territory (NT) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), wher

12、e the national capital, Canberra, is located. The ACT also includes Jervis Bay on the south coast. Australia is also responsible for administering seven external territories: Norfolk Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island, the uninhabited Ashmore and Cartier Islands Territory, the Ter

13、ritory of Heard Island, the uninhabited Coral Sea Islands Territory, the McDonald Islands in the sub-Antarctic and the Australian Antarctic Territory.2. 州和领地1788 年，英国在澳洲大陆的东海岸建立了一个流放罪犯的殖民地，这是欧洲人在澳州定居的开始。最终总共建立了六个英国殖民地。 1901 年，这些殖民地结成联邦。这以

14、后，澳大利亚逐渐独立于英国。澳大利亚有六个州。它们是新南威尔士、维多利亚、昆士兰、南澳大利亚、西澳大利亚和塔斯马尼亚。大陆上的两个地区是北部地区和澳大利亚首都直辖区，即首都堪培拉所在地。澳大利亚首都直辖区也包括位于南海岸的杰维斯海岸。澳大利亚还负责管理七个海外领地：诺福克岛、科科斯（基灵）群岛、圣诞岛、无人居住的阿什莫尔和卡

15、捷群岛、次南极的赫德岛和麦克唐纳群岛，以及澳大利亚南极领地。State （州） Capital City（首府城市） New South Wales ( 新南威尔士) Sydney（悉尼）Victoria（维多利亚） Melbourne（墨尔本）Queensland （昆士兰）- Brisbane（布里斯本）West Australia （西澳） Perth（佩斯）South Australia（南澳） Adelaide（阿德雷德）Australia Capital Territory （首领地） Canberra（堪培拉）Northern T

16、erritory （北领地） Darwin（达尔文）Tasmania （塔斯马尼亚）- Hobart（霍巴特）3. GovernmentFederation联邦The Constitution宪法A Republic共和体Australian Parliament澳大利亚议会House of Representatives众议院Senate参议院State parliaments州议会Local government地方政府Executive行政机构Elections选举Political parties政党Judiciary司法Law enforcement执法Australias poli

17、tical institutions and practices follow the Western democratic tradition, reflecting British and North American experience.FederationThe Australian federation has a three-tier system of government: federal, State, and local. The Australian Parliament, or legislature, and the Government deal with all

18、 matters of national interest. The six State governments and their legislatures, and the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory complement the activities of the national government. Local government comprises about 900 bodies at the city, town, municipal and shire level.With the fed

19、eral elections in 1902 Australia became one of the first countries where all women gained the right to vote. Before federation, however, in 1894 the then Colony of South Australia became the first jurisdiction in Australia to accord women the right to vote.The ConstitutionThe powers of the Australia

20、n Parliament are defined in a written Constitution which came into force on 1 January 1901. The Constitution can be changed only by referendum, and then only if a majority of voters in each of at least four States, as well as an overall majority, favour it. Of the 42 proposals submitted to referendu

21、ms since federation, eight have been approved.A RepublicQueen Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia is represented by a Governor-General and six State Governors. However, the question whether Australia should become a republic with an Australian Head of State is being debated currently in Australia. Th

22、e Republic Advisory Committee, established by the Australian Government, delivered a report on the issues involved and changes necessary to establish a republican government. A group of senior ministers has developed a paper for Cabinet consideration. A change to a republic would require the assent

23、of the Australian people at a referendum. The Government aims to hold a constitutional referendum on the Republic in 1998 or 1989, to establish an Australian Republic by the Centenary of Federation in 2001.Australian ParliamentAustralian citizens elect their Members of Parliament. The party or coali

24、tion of parties with a majority in the House of Representatives becomes the government; it provides the ministry and elects a Prime Minister. Elections for the House of Representatives and the Senate are conducted using a full preferential system. This ensures that a majority of voters has a say in

25、the election of the successful candidate.House of RepresentativesThe Constitution require that the number of Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Representatives is as close as practicable to twice the number of MPs in the Senate. Elections for the House of Representatives are held at least e

26、very three years. Its 147 seats are divided among the States on a population basis: 50 from New South Wales, 38 from Victoria, 25 from Queensland, 14 from Western Australia, 12 from South Australia, five from Tasmania, two from the Australian Capital Territory and one from the Northern Territory.Sen

27、ateThe Senate has 12 senators from each State and two each from the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. Senators from the States normally serve a six-year term, half of them retiring every three years. Senators representing the Territories serve a maximum of three years, which c

28、oincides with the same terms of members of the House of Representatives.The proportional representation electoral system for the Senate gives independents or smaller-party candidates a better chance than in elections for the House of Representatives.State parliamentsAll State parliaments except Quee

29、nslands have two chambers. The Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory have one chamber. Queensland abolished its Upper House in 1922.In New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia, the Lower House is known as the Legislative Assembly; in South Australia and Tasmania

30、it is called the House of Assembly. Each of the five Upper Houses is known as the Legislative Council. The States administer education, transport, law enforcement, health services and agriculture.Local governmentThe powers and responsibilities of local government vary from State to State. Broadly th

31、ey encompass town planning, parks, recreation grounds, swimming pools, public libraries and community centres; construction and maintenance of roads, streets and bridges; water, sewerage and drainage systems; public health and sanitary services; the supervision of building construction and the admin

32、istration of weights and measures and related regulations.ExecutiveThe Cabinet is the major policy-making agency of government and is presided over by the Prime Minister; it is made up of about half the full ministry. The Cabinet meets informally and in private. The Executive Council, a formal body

33、presided over by the Governor-General, gives legal effect to Cabinet decisions. Although all ministers are members, two or three ministers usually attend.ElectionsVoting by secret ballot in federal and State elections is compulsory for all Australians aged 18 and over. Those eligible who fail to vot

34、e without good reason may be fined. At local government elections, voting is not always compulsory.Political partiesThe Australian Parliament represents four main political parties: the Australian Labor Party, the Australian Democrats, the Liberal Party and the National Party of Australia. All have

35、similar structures: they are federal in character, have State divisions or branches, and each has a federal executive and conference. All support the rule of law, the maintenance of parliamentary democracy and liberty of the individual, which includes freedom of speech, religion and association.Judi

36、ciaryThe Constitution stipulates that the judicial power of the Australian Government be vested in the High Court of Australia and in other courts created by the Federal Parliament. The Parliament has created the Federal Court of Australia and the Family Court of Australia to deal with some speciali

37、sed areas of federal law. In addition, the State courts are vested with federal jurisdiction in some areas. All States, the ACT and the NT have a Supreme Court and their own court systems.Law enforcementLaw enforcement responsibilities are shared between the federal, State and NT police forces. Each

38、 police force independently maintains the laws of its own State or Territory; though many formal and informal cooperative arrangements exist between the police forces and governments. The Federal Governments primary law-enforcement bodies are the Australian Federal Police (AFP) and the National Crim

39、e Authority (NCA).3. 政府澳大利亚的政治机构和习惯沿袭西方的民主传统，反映出英国和北美的经验。联邦澳大利亚联邦实行三级政府体制 (联邦、州、地方)。澳大利亚议会 (立法机构) 和政府负责处理涉及全国利益的所有事务。六个州政府和州立法机构补充联邦政府的活动 (北部地区和澳大利亚首都直辖区同各州的情况类似，在很大程度上实行自治)。

40、在城、镇、市和郡一级共约有 900 个地方政府机构。1902 年联邦举行选举。通过这次选举，澳大利亚成为妇女最早享有选举权的国家之一。但是早在成立联邦之前， 1894 年，当时南澳大利亚殖民地的妇女已率先获得了选举权。宪法关于澳大利亚联邦议会的权力在成文宪法中已有明确规定。该宪法自 1901 年 1 月 1 日各殖民地结成澳大利亚联邦之日起生效。

41、宪法的修改必须通过公民投票。投票时除了需要全国多数人赞成外，在六个州中还必须至少有四个州的多数投票者赞成，方能修宪。自从联邦成立以来，先后共有 42 项提案交公民投票表决，其中 8 项获得通过。共和体女王伊丽莎白二世是澳大利亚正式的女王，联邦总督和六个州的总督是女王的代表。关于澳大利亚是否应当成为共和国和由一个澳大利亚人

42、担任国家元首的问题，目前正在全国进行讨论。 1993 年 10 月，由澳大利亚联邦政府设立的共和国咨询委员会就此所涉及的各种问题已提交了一份报告。改为共和国的事，需要由人民举行公民投票来决定。澳大利亚议会澳大利亚的议员是由公民选举的。在众议院中占多数的党或多党联盟将组成政府，提供总理和各部部长人选。政府部长必须是议员。众议院宪法规

43、定众议员的人数须尽可能接近参议员人数的两倍。众议院有议席 147 个，按各州人口比例进行分配：新南威尔士州 50 席，维多利亚州 38 席，昆士兰州 25 席，西澳大利亚州 14 席，南澳大利亚 12 席，塔斯马尼亚州 5 席，首都直辖区 2 席，北部地区 1 席。众议院的选举，每三年至少进行一次。参议院参议院由每州各选出 12 名，首都直辖区和北部地区各选出 2

44、名参议员组成。在通常情况下，每州选出的参议员任期六年，每三年改选其中的半数。代表两个地区的参议员的任期最长为三年，他们的任期与众议员相一致。州议会除昆士兰州、北部地区和首都直辖区外，其他各州议会都实行两院制。昆士兰州在 1922 年废除了上议院。在新南威尔士、维多利亚、昆士兰和西澳大利亚州，下议院被称为立法会议，在南澳大利亚

45、和塔斯马尼亚州，下议院称为众议院。五个州的上议院都称为立法委员会。教育、运输、执法、卫生和农业由各州自行管理。地方政府各地方政府的权力和职责不尽相同。一般说来，它们负责城镇规划；管理公园、娱乐场所、游泳池、公共图书馆和社区中心；公路、街道和桥梁的建筑与维修；供水、污水和排水系统；公共健康与卫生；建筑监督，度量衡和其他规章。执行

46、机构内阁是政府制定政策的主要机构，它由总理主持，部长中约有一半是内阁成员。内阁会议不拘形式，秘密举行。内阁的决定通过行政委员会批准后便具有法律效力。行政委员会是由总督主持的一个程序性的组织机构。虽然所有部长都是行政委员会成员，但通常只有两、三个部长出席会议。选举凡年满 18 岁和 18 岁以上的澳大利亚人均有义务参加联邦和州

47、选举的无记名投票。凡有资格参加选举的人如果没有正当理由而不投票，则将被处以罚款。但是在选举地方政府时，投票并不总具有强制性的。政党进入澳大利亚议会的有四大政党，它们是：澳大利亚工党、澳大利亚民主党、澳大利亚自由党和国家党。各党的组织机构相似。它们都是全国性的政党，没有联邦执行机构，召开全国范围的大会，在各州有分部或分支机构。各党都主张实行法治，支持维护议会民主和个人自由 (包括言论、宗教和结社自由)。司法宪法规定，澳大利亚的司法权属于澳大利亚高等法院和澳大利亚议会建立的其他法院。议会建立了澳大利亚联邦法院和澳大利亚家庭法院，负责处理联邦法专门规定的一些领域中的案件。此外，州法

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