专四英语语法考点串讲2.doc

1、语法回顾篇：专四语法考点虚拟语气、情态动词、非谓语动词、复合句、倒装、小语法（省略，时态，反义疑问句，代词，强调句，主谓一致，冠词，形容词及副词）、as的特殊用法。 专四英语语法考点之一 虚拟语气一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意(十考点及两备考点）考点1. 与现在事实相反从句谓语动词用did(be用were)，主句谓语动词would(should,could,might)+do；考点2. 与过去事实相反从句谓语动词用had done，主句谓语动词用 would(should,could,might)+ have done；例如：43.I _the party much more if th

2、ere hadnt been quite such a crowd of people there.A. would enjoy B. will have enjoyedC. would have enjoyed D. will be enjoying49.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _ quite such a crowd of people there. A. werent B. hasnt been C. hadnt been D. wouldnt考点3.与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用：did(sho

3、uld+do或were + to do)，主句谓语动词用：would(should,could,might)+do。例如： 43. If your car _ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer.(08年） A. shall need C. would need B. should need D. will need考点4. 时态的交叉现象，也就是主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段例如：If you had gone to see the doctor，you would be al

4、l right now.你要是早去看病,你现在就没事了。考点5.虚拟条件句if可以省略，但从句的语序要用倒装，即将were, had或 should移至主语的前面形成倒装，但否定词not不前移。 例如：65._, he would not have recovered so quickly.（05年） A.Hadnt he been taken good care of B.Had he not been taken good care of C.Had not he been taken good care of D.Had he been not taken good care of考点6

5、. insist(一个坚持）；order command(两道命令）；suggest， advise, propose（三条建议）；ask, require, request, demand(四点要求） 及相应的名词的从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形例如：58. It was recommended that passengers _ smoke during the flight.(04年) A. not B. need not C. could not D. would not 考点7.It is +advisable, essential ，important, imp

6、erative, incredible等相关的从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形例如：46.It is imperative that students _ their term papers on time.（04年） A. hand in B. would hand in C. have to hand in D. handed in 考点8.it is high(about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式例如:54 Its high time we _ cutting down the rainforests.（06年）A stopped B had t

7、o stop C shall stop D stop 考点9.much as尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设，可以是说话人的语气变得十分委婉，真诚。例如：52. Much as _, I couldnt lend him the money because I simply didnt have that much spare cash.（99年）A.I would have liked to B.I would like to have C.I should have to like D.I should have liked to考点10. if

8、 only表示要是就好了相当 与wish, as if/as though 的用法。与现在事实相反：动词过去式与过去事实相反: had + done与将来事实相反： could/would + do 例如：52. If only I _play the guitar as well as you! （06 年） A would B could C should D might备考1. would rather或would sooner后跟宾语从句，从句中使用一般过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟，表示“宁愿某人做某事”例如： The manager would rather his

9、daughter _ in the same office now. A.had not worked B.not to work C.does not work D.did not work 备考2.用于lest, for fear that引导的状语从句。在lest, for fear that等引导的状语从句中，通常用(should +)原形动词这一虚拟语气形式 例如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would inj

10、ure 专四语法考点之二 情态动词考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式 （2）某些情态动词的特殊用法1. must have v-edmust have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：cant / couldnt have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。例如：Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.2. could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了3. may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”

11、发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。 4.ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldnt have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”表示应完成而未完成的动作用于完成时中的否定句，表示不应完成但已做的动作5.neednt have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要”。例如：You neednt have waken me up; I dont have to go to work today.注意：did not need to

12、do 动作并没发生 例：I didnt need to go to work today, so I got up at 9 a.m.*特殊用法(1) cant表示“不可能”， may not 表示“不可以”， mustnt(must not) 表示“不许可 禁止”，neednt (need not) 表示“不必”，dare not 动词原形 表示“不敢” (2) must表推测 的否定现在式用cant ,过去式用couldnt(3)May I / we ？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please dont.或No, you mustnt.

13、例如：“May we leave now?” “No, you mustnt. You havent finished your home work yet.” (4) need I / we ？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为neednt (5)在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to(6)May/might as well maybut.(表转折)(7) I wish to go home with you, may I?(8) Do help yourself to have some f

14、ruit, wont you/ will you? （表示一种委婉的请求）*情态动词短语的使用would like to dowould rather dowould rather + 从句would prefer to do.had better do.*情态动词: will（愿意）, shall（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should(应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不）*dare, need 也可作一般（行为）动词*情态动词一般用法的否定：

15、mustnt 不准, 禁止，不要 cant(couldnt) 不会；不能；may (might) not 不可以; neednt 没必要 ( = dont have to )usednt to或didnt use to 过去不dare not 不敢*情态动词推测用法Must 一定，肯定 cant (couldnt) 不可能Can/ could 可能 Cant (couldnt) 不可能may/ might “可能，也许” May (might) not 也许不，可能不*推断用法shouldought to“按理应当，应该是； shouldnt 不应该 ( = ought not to ) *情

16、态动词have done结构表示对过去动作的推测1. must have done：对过去的肯定推测，译作“一定做了”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为cantcouldnt have done It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy2. can/ could have done：对过去的可能性推测，译作“可能做了”。只能用疑问句中CanCould he have said it? 他可能说过那种话吗？3. may / might have v-ed：对过去的可能性推测，译作“也许能，有可能。 Its too la

17、te. I think he may have gone to bed.*情态动词have过去分词结构表示轻微的责备和后悔肯定：过去应该做而没有做；否定：过去不该（不必）做而做了。 mightcouldhave过去分词：“本来可以，早就应该”（只用于肯定句，且不能用may, can）You could have told me you were going to be late!.你应当早告诉我你会晚到的！ should（ought to）have过去分词：“本应做”（而没做）should not（ought not to）have过去分词：“本不该做”（而做了）You should not

18、have handed in your composition yesterday morning.你本不应把作文交了。You should have been here earlier.你应该早点来才对。3. neednthave过去分词：“本不必做，本不须做”（need只用于否定句）（而做了） You neednt have woken her up. Its only six你其实不必叫醒她。现在才六点。注意：did not need to do 动作并没发生（没做） 例：I didnt need to get up early, so I got up at 9 a.m.*八大注意点1

19、.在以could, might 表示征询对方意见或表示请求时，回答应相应使用can, may Might I watch TV after supper? Yes, you _. A. may B. must C. might D. could2. May I / we ？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please dont.或No, you mustnt. 例如：“May we leave now?” “No, you mustnt. You havent finished your home work yet.” 3. need I / w

20、e ？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为neednt 4. 在回答must引起的问题时，肯定must; 如果是否定的答复，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to5. I wish to go home with you, may I?6. Do help yourself to have some fruit, wont you/ will you? （表示一种委婉的请求）7.Shall 用于第三人称，表示许可，允许8. Lets do this job, shall we? Let us do this job, will you?9.

21、should 也表示惊讶的语气，例如：I was shocked that she should have said in such a way to you.(她竟然那样对你说话,) *四大特殊结构1.may/ might as well + 动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于had betterYou may as well do it at once. 2.may well + 动词原形”是一种常见的结构，意为“（完全）能，很可能” He may well be proud of his son. 他大可为儿子高兴。 3. cannot too / enough 表示 “无论

22、怎么也不算过分”、“越越好”You cannot be too careful.4. had better 最好You had better not wake me up when you come in.*两大类区别：一、表示能力: can, be able to be able to 能用于各种时态。 can / could 只能表示现在或过去的能力*was / were able to do sth : “设法做成某事” 相当于 managed to do sth 或 succeeded in doing sth.二、used to 和would 的区别used to过去常常（但现在已无

23、此习惯，would无此含义）He used to drink beer, now he drinks wine.他过去喝啤酒，现在喝白酒。would只能用来谈动作；used to用来谈动作或状态（可与be, live, like, stay等状态动词连用）：He would get up early when he lived in the country.他住在乡下时总是早起。We used to live in a small town.（不能用would）Be used to doing sth: 习惯于做某事专四语法考点之三 非谓语动词 非谓语动词是历年专四测试的重中之重，每年试题一般

24、一到两道。 命题特点1. 非谓语动词的时态与语态； 2. 非谓语动词的否定式；3. 动词不定式的各种形式及应用；4. -ing结构的各种形式及应用； 5. -ed结构在句中的不同用法；6.非谓语动词作状语、宾语等的辨析；7.非谓语动词的固定结构或习惯用法等。 【非谓语动词基础知识 】一个句子当中，已经存在谓语动词,又没有连词的情况下， 需要非谓语动词来修饰句子的其他成分。 动词不定式; 现在分词; 过去分词; 动名词 I不定式的时态及语态一般式 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或在谓语动作之后进行式 to be doing 表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行完成式 to

25、 have done to have been done 先于谓语动作的发生用途： 表将来 I have a lot work to do; 表某一次具体的动作 I do not like to dance; 表目的 To learn English well, I practice more.2. 动名词 一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生完成式 Having done having been done 在谓语动作之前用途： 抽象、习惯性（ his hobby is painting; I am proud of being a Chinese）3.分词的时态和语态

26、 现在分词 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done过去分词 done用途： 现在分词： 主动、进行、令人的 过去分词： 被动、完成、 感到的The swimming boy is Tom. (主动、进行）the room facing south（主动）The film is disappointing. Tom is disappointed（令人的)/(感到的) Look at the broken glass.(被动、完成) 注意* 所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not放在非谓语动词的前面*如果表示的动作在谓语表

27、示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动词的完成时态。 考点一 不定式做结果状语的固定搭配too +adj/adv to do， so +adj/adv as to do ， such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do only to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。 考点二“使怎么样”之类的动词amuse, astonish, excite, frighten, interest, move, relax, satisfy, shock, surprise, encourage, disappoint, puzzle, tire, please, inspire,

28、 terrify, worry，它们的ing形式表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。一般情况下“人”用过去分词，“物”用ing形式。 *考点三 除之外的介词but except,前面有行为动词do时，不定式不带to,否则带to. 即“有do不带to；无do要带to”I have no choice but to accept the fact.I have nothing to do but watch TV.*考点四 why not do sth (为何不做某事) 固定搭配cannot / hardly / never / scarcely too to “越越好；无论也/都不过分”。 You c

29、annot be too careful to cross the street. 你过街时越小心越好（怎么小心都不过分）。 cant (help/choose) but 不得不,只能,不禁 I cannot help but tell her the truth. 我只能告诉她真相。 注意：cant help doing sth 情不自禁做某事*解题思路：看似纷繁复杂的各种非谓语动词考题实际上是有解题规律可寻的, 非谓语动词解题四步曲：一、首先抓住主谓结构，确定主句 没有连接词 只有一个主语二、分析主动被动分析语态就是在确定主语之后分析非谓语动词和主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。三、分析

30、动作先后 要考虑动作发生的时间先后，即时态。独立主格独立主格: 句中没有连接词，逗号分开两个句子，存在两个主语 形式：名词/代词分词在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立主格。独立主格的分类：(1) -ING分词(还有-ED分词)短语作状语时，有自己独立的逻辑上的“主语”。相当于各种形式的状语，表示一种伴随的动作或情况,或表原因There being nothing more for discussion, the meeting was over half an hour earlier. (2).介词（w

31、ith）+名词+形容词，副词+现在分词或过去分词，表示陪同行动做或补充说明例如：He lay on his back, with his arm behind his head（3）独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如： He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况) The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间) So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting of

32、f. (原因) Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow. (条件) All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. The job done, we went home. The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.专四语法考点之三不定式、动名词作宾语（非谓语补充）*常跟不定式做宾语的词三个w、h、c ，二个a领着四个d 、p, 一个r 、m，二个l 、b, 外加三个o, u, e3 w: wa

33、nt(想要), wish(希望), wait(等待)3 h: hope(希望), help(帮忙), hesitate(犹豫)3 c: care(愿意), choose(选择), claim(声称)2 a：agree(同意), afford(担负得起), 4 d: dare(敢于), demand(要求), determine(决定), decide(决定) 4 p: plan(计划), pretend(假装), promise(允诺), prepare(准备) 1 r: refuse(拒绝)1 m: manage (设法)2 l: learn(学会), long(渴望) 2 b: beg(乞

34、求), bear(忍受)1 o: offer(提出)1 u: undertake(答应；同意) 1 e：expect(希望) *接不带to的不定式的特殊动词一感：feel二听：listen to; hear三让：make, have, let四看：watch, see, look at, observe注意：被动句里to要还原。*接不定式作宾语，动名词作宾语均可，且意思基本不变的词双方一旦开始(begin, start),无论喜欢(love, like, prefer )与否(hate, dislike)，都得继续(continue)下去。都不能企图（attempt）忽视（neglect）开始

35、的爱（love）。习惯也好，害怕也好，难以容忍( cant bear/ stand/ endure)也好。 *可以动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同的词四“记”力争不后悔四“记”(记住)remember,(忘记)forget, (计划/打算)mean, (继续)go on, 力争：try不后悔: stop regretremember to do sth. 记得要做某事 remember doing sth.记得曾做过某事forget to do sth 忘了要做某事 forget doing sth. 忘了做过某事；mean to do sth 打算做某事 mean doing s

36、th. 意味着，就是go on to do 继续做另一件事 go on doing 继续做同一件事try to do sth 试图做某事， try doing sth. 尝试做某事stop to do sth 停下来做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事。regret to do sth 对要发生的事表示“遗憾”，regret doing sth.对发生过的事表示“后悔”。*常接动名词做宾语的词MP2r caf disk （military policeman）宪兵带着2把手枪在咖啡馆里看光盘 M指mind(介意), miss(逃过), mention(提及)P指prevent,

37、postpone, practice2r指risk(冒险), resist(抵制)c指consider(考虑）a指admit(承认), avoid(避免), appreciate(感激), f指 fancy(幻想), finish(完成)，feel like(喜欢)e指enjoy(享受), escape(逃脱), ensure(确保) d指delay(延迟), deny(否认), detest(痛恨) i指imagine(想象)s指suggest(建议) k指keep(保持)*介词后的inghave difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事有困难be busy (in) do

38、ing sth 忙于做某事succeed in doing sth 成功做某事give up doing sth 放弃做某事prevent/stop/keep sb /sth from doing 阻止做spend/waste time /money in doing 在做方面花钱、浪费时间或金钱how /what about doing sth 做怎么样了？Have some difficulty/trouble in doing 在方面有些困难There is no sense in doing (做是没有理由的Thank / admire /praise/blame /scold/ punish sb for doing sth 因做某事而感谢、羡慕、表扬、责备、惩罚某人*to是介词，不是不定式标志，接动名词做介词to 的宾语 apply oneself to 致力于 be accustomed to 习惯于 confess to 供认 come to 谈到 devote oneself to 献身于 get down to 着手做 give way to 对让步 lead to 导致 look forward to 期待next to 几乎 object to 反对 pay attention to 注意 stick to 坚持stand up to 勇敢面