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1、Underground structureConstruction of rock or soil in the construction. It is a modern city of high-speed product development, the city will again ease the contradictions of the role to improve the living environment, but also opened up new human life. Rational development and utilization of human na

2、tural and artificial excavation of the underground space, not only help to ease the development of modern urban contradictions, to improve the living environment, but also to open up a new human life. Because of the large-scale development of underground construction, underground architecture is tak

3、ing shape, its research includes the history of development of underground construction and development of underground space development and utilization of underground space in urban planning, various types of underground construction planning and design, as well as underground construction and rela

4、ted environmental, physiological, psychological and technical issues. Underground construction has a good protective performance, better thermal stability and confined, as well as an integrated economic, social and environmental benefits. Underground construction in a certain thickness of rock or so

5、il, you can avoid or reduce nuclear weapons, conventional weapons, chemical and biological weapons of destruction, while at the same time more effectively to resist earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters. Underground construction in and around the confined environment of relatively stab

6、le existence of the temperature field, temperature, or for creating ultra-clean manufacturing environment and at low temperatures or under high-temperature storage of materials, pollution prevention, especially for energy conservation as well. In the city planned the construction of underground cons

7、truction, urban land use for savings, lower building density, to improve urban transportation, the expansion of green space, reduce urban pollution and improve the quality of urban life, etc., can play an important role. Underground construction also has shortcomings, such as construction costs are

8、high, the construction complicated. A Brief History of the development of underground ancient times, humans have been anti-years use of natural caves, and shelter to escape the beast. Zhoukoudian in China found that more than 50 million years ago, Peking Man lived in caves in the natural. According

9、to Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture found in archaeological sites, to prove that since 7000 5000 years ago, began living dug caves, from the simple bag-shaped to round or square semi-crypt, above the roof of a simple. Later, the beginning of the construction of housing on the ground, cave gradu

10、ally ceased to be the main mode of living human beings. However, the ancient tombs on the ground in accordance with the construction method in underground construction. Some grain is also built in the ground, such as the Sui Dynasty in Luoyang warehouse containing Kerry. Northwest China, North China

11、 Loess Plateau region, as a result of excavation loess and climate-friendly dry cave tradition continues to this day. Estimated that there are still more than 35 million population live in the cave. After the industrial revolution, as a result of mining and the development of transport, mines, roadw

12、ays, highways, tunnels, railway tunnels have been built. London, England in 1863 into a city of the worlds first underground railway. During World War II, the protection of underground construction in the superiority of attention, some veterans of the important military installations and arms factor

13、ies, warehouses, etc., built in the ground, and the construction of the air-raid shelter for the residents. Since the late 50s, as a result of economic development and scientific and technological progress, the rapid increase in urban population, the increasingly serious environmental pollution, ene

14、rgy crisis and the existence of the danger of war and other factors, underground construction in Japan, the United States, Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany , France, Switzerland, Norway, Canada, China, the Soviet Union and many other countries, with high speed and large-scale development. Due

15、 to geographical, social development, economic development and strategic direction of the differences in thinking, the development of underground construction and the starting point to solve the different conflicts. At present, the world has more than 80 cities in the construction of an underground

16、railway, as well as many cities are under construction. China, the Soviet Union, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland and other countries from the combat readiness requirements of the construction of a large number of underground civil air defense projects, some in peacetime for the use of various types of

17、public buildings. Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany and France, land of smaller, highly concentrated in big cities, city highlights various contradictions, so the construction of the ground floor of a large number of high-speed transportation network and the Mass Transit Street, the underground

18、 commercial center. The United States from the mid-70s to the ground floor of the building as energy-saving measures, the development of a semi-underground soil building, with the exception of the need to stay out of the plane, Chaoyang, housing all the other parts of the soil with a certain thickne

19、ss of buried or covered combined with the use of solar energy to obtain more than 50% of energy-saving effect. Lack of national energy use of a large number of underground storage of energy as a strategic reserve, such as Sweden, Finland and other countries blocked the construction of the groundwate

20、r oil (or gas) are a large-scale database, a single storage capacity has more than one million cubic meters. Sweden, Norway, Italy and other countries rich in water resources, many built in the ground station to increase the water gap. Canadas cold climate, so in large cities, the development of und

21、erground commercial center of the city of Montreal has a few underground commercial center even as a construction area of 810,000 square meters, forming an underground city. In addition, industrialized countries also paid attention to the protection of underground construction to play the traditiona

22、l style of the city to improve the urban environment, urban space, etc. to expand the positive role played by. For example, the city of Nagoya, Japan in conjunction with urban roads alteration, in the ground layout of the commercial street and parking lot, stay out of the ground in addition to the n

23、ecessary pedestrians, carriageway, in the central part of the park into a large-scale city center. Other factors, such as Tokyo, Osaka and other places are also provided with the underground business street. Another example is the University of the United States a number of historical buildings and

24、structures in order to preserve the unity of style and ease tension in the land, the construction of a number of underground construction, such as library, gymnasium, teaching Museum (Figure 2), achieving good results. These facts reflect the tiefbau increasingly wide range of applications. Undergro

25、und construction of the type of underground construction can be classified according to the functions of military, civil, air works, industry, transport and communications, storage and other buildings, and underground utilities. For example: in the construction of military fortifications can be used

26、 for shooting, observation of construction, shelter construction, etc.), in civil construction, including residential buildings, public buildings, a variety of civil air defense engineering, industrial construction, transportation and communication construction, warehouse construction, as well as th

27、e types of underground utilities, such as underground water plant, solid or liquid waste treatment plant, pipeline and other corridors. Several features of both large-scale underground construction known as the underground complex. Tiefbau classified according to construction method, there are two t

28、ypes of open excavation and mining. Open excavation completely backfilled after construction, the above did not build any buildings, known as single-built underground construction; above to build other buildings, known as the attached underground construction. Open excavation backfill the latter par

29、t of the construction, soil or bulldozers, and as bulldozers building construction or soil. Underground mining construction, usually in the deeper layers of rock or digging into the required space for more than a certain thickness at the top of the natural cover. In addition, China also has a habit

30、of classification methods, into the underground tunnel type, tunnel-type (usually mining), opening ceremony (equivalent to a single open excavation built) and the basement air (that is attached open excavation) . Road tunnel and the main difference is that the relationship between inside and outside

31、 the ground elevation, internal than external, as the tunnel, which is lower than the outside as the authentic. Underground construction of the design requirements for the underground architectural design requirements: choose engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions of a good place. Und

32、erground construction of the planning and design, must be complete and accurate information based on Geological Survey, full use of the favorable geological conditions, to avoid unfavorable factors. Arrangement in the soil in the ground floor of buildings, should be chosen with a certain capacity, a

33、nd relatively uniform thick soil layer, avoiding the backfill layer, layer of mud, sand and other streaming sites; in the rock should be chosen homogeneous lithology, structure simple, thick stone rock hard to avoid the fault fracture zone, seismic zone and instability, such as the slope. In the pla

34、in areas, should pay attention to changes in groundwater level and its direct impact on the burial depth of underground construction, construction measures and construction methods; in the mountains, rock fissures should be based on the volume of water and gushing location, organization of the under

35、ground drainage system construction and attention to surface water flow and the excretion of mountain torrents. to ensure the necessary protection. Although the underground construction itself with varying degrees of protection against all kinds of weapons, but the air defense of the military constr

36、uction and engineering, but also the protection levels in accordance with the provisions of the various effects of different weapons, to conduct a comprehensive protection of the design, layout of the various protection facilities, building structures and protection facilities, as well as a variety

37、of holes, I have the appropriate protection, we should focus on building entrances and exits to ensure the security of the site. the creation of an appropriate internal environment. Underground space in the internal environment, including air temperature, humidity, cleanliness, noise intensity, the

38、illumination lights, interior colors and so on. Appropriate depends mainly on improving the quality of air in the ventilation design to ensure; sound insulation and sound absorption of the appropriate use of measures to control the noise level allowed. Building to deal with such as a complete portfo

39、lio of interior space and changes in the unity of the material texture and contrast the rich interior colors and harmonization, have helped to create a good internal environment, the elimination of the underground environment on peoples poor physical and psychological effects. for structural design

40、and construction to create favorable conditions. Underground construction of the main features of the structural design is a big load, so in the architectural design, from layout, column network options to determine the areas of story should be for the structural design of the economy, create condit

41、ions reasonable. The construction of underground construction is rather complicated, the design should be to simplify the construction and shorten the duration and the use of advanced construction technology to create favorable conditions and minimize the ground during the construction period of the

42、 normal activities such as transportation and so on. As the underground construction of the building structure is different from the specificity of the upper part, involving the design, construction technology, environment and soil mechanics, such as technical progress in a series of problems in eng

43、ineering applications engineers often encounter the following problems: (1) of the underground structures of conventional reinforced concrete structures are mainly ordinary reinforced concrete structural system used in the existence of large-scale underground structure of the high cost, even cross-s

44、ection structure, and the impact of depth of underground structures, construction progressing at a slow pace, as well as the shortcomings of a waste of construction materials, should the new system, the introduction of construction materials and structural design of underground structures to meet th

45、e modern requirements of the development of underground space, with limited resources for better results. (2) as the cause of urban rail transit development, urban towel existing and new buildings and subway lines crisscrossing the upper part of structure is at the top of the subway tunnel, the conv

46、entional reinforced concrete structure of care for the larger cross-section of the underground architectural space also have a greater impact. Workers should be the actual situation in innovative technology, choose a reasonable form of structural transformation of the construction and related measur

47、es to ensure that the subway project and the safety of the upper structure and to minimize the impact of the underground space. (3) as an urban development strategy of three-dimensional one, high-rise buildings will continue to challenge the next new height, and construction will continue to increas

48、e in the floor, vertical wall structure is not posit the lower part of the greater cross-section, located in Building the lower part of the basement of the building material the use of space caused by an enormous impact; another - aspects of underground construction is the future direction of space,

49、 large-span, the vertical component will be an inevitable increase in cross-section. Therefore, the vertical cross-section configuration to optimize materials and even to improve the underground construction of the space is designed to be taken into account. (4) as a result of large-scale development of underground space and underground construction and use of the water requirements of more demanding, long, extra-wide development of the underground construction joints or less, regardless of the trend is sub-slit, reg