商业银行信贷风险外文文献翻译2017.docx

1、文献出处 : Mishra U. The research of commercial bank credit riskmanagementJ.International Journal of Multifaceted and Multilingual Studies, 2017, 1(2)：13-29.原文The research of commercial bank credit risk management Mishra UAbstractCommercial banks have a decisive position in countrys economic and social

2、development, the lifeblood of the national economy and economic security. Commercial bank credit risk management is part of the risk management system, and the most important part of the main including operation, credit, customer and market, country, etc. All kinds of risks. Based on commercial bank

3、 credit risk management on the basis of general analysis and combing related theory, analyzed the commercial bank credit risk management historical change and the important characteristics, causes and risk identification, risk and risk management way of slow-release, measurement and evaluation, inte

4、rnal control mechanisms.Keywords: commercial Banks, credit risk, strategic management 1 IntroductionIn todays society economies have such intermediaries by Banks,form close and interdependent relationship, between the bank and thebank has also become a symbiotic credit network ecosystem. Once a bank

5、 appear problem, Banks and various types of economies, Banks between the bank and pay the chain will break, resulting in a debt chain reaction. Due to the commercial bank credit creation function, the cause of credit risk to a domino effect of magnification, accelerate the impact on the financial sy

6、stem, the normal social payment mechanism will be blocked or even interrupt, and quickly spread to other social and economic main body, lead to the financial crisis and economic crisis, triggered a wider range of economic and social unrest. The reasons for formation of credit risk is complex and var

7、ied, have any general root cause of a total of economy and society, and the governments bank institutional arrangements and the particularity of Banks; Both political factors, factors of economic cycle fluctuation, and moral and legal factors such as natural disasters and even loan fraud.2 Literatur

8、e reviewFrom the middle of the last century, the development modern micro financial method, on the basis of its flourish was born the credit risk management theory. As a fertile ground for the development of its theory, western commercial Banks, with its 300 years of growth platform, constructed a r

9、elatively mature development both in theory and in system arrangement is the escort of credit risk management. Related theory tostudy the most representative are: the famous British economist AdamSmiths theory of asset management, followed by the middle of last century liabilities risk management th

10、eory, after this decade, comprehensive asset liability management theory came into being, until the 1980 s, the theory has begun to take shape, thanks to the establishment of financial engineering and the Basel system at the same time the balance sheets of risk management and asset management theory

11、 is also an important member of the composition of the theoretical system. It is worth noting that the information economics and econometrics rapid development in the last century, set off a new wave of the credit risk management theory to upgrade, the two kinds of economics has been widely applied

12、to the risk management, open a new era of the theory research, improving theoretical system, form large branch system, branch system theory are:Asset management theory: until the 1960 s, the western commercial Banks mainly attaches great importance to the management of the assets. Cash, loans, secur

13、ities assets is the main object of asset management, liquidity management content is roughly divided into three major parts, loans, investment, the target is the lowest risk gain maximum benefit of business.Liability management theory: the theory based on fuzzy definition of liabilities, the bank ca

14、n give explanations on the debt problem. Liabilitymanagement is divided into two kinds, a kind of based on short-termborrowing money to compensate for the extraction of deposit, through positive competition for all kinds of deposits by Banks; Another is borrowed to cope with the increased borrowing

15、requirements, through to the eurodollar market, federal funds such as borrowing to expand their liabilities. Liability management aims to by expanding debt to add the possibility of profit.Comprehensive asset liability management theory: the theory is looking for a comprehensive, overall risk manage

16、ment of bank assets and liabilities, management way is flexible, and can change with the operating environment to make corresponding policy adjustments, the interest rate, time limit, risk and liquidity of reasonable collocation, to organic combination of a variety of assets and liabilities, to ensu

17、re the safety of Banks earnings and assets, flow. The goal of the class management is to realize the Banks in the established risk limit under the condition of profit maximization and long-term steady development, and the interest rate risk management is a means to achieve the goal, the main content

18、 of the management include interest payments and so on, spread, management, including cash flow regulation, loan quality control, etc.Risk assets management theory: this theory originated in July 1988 the Basel Accord (Basel Accord) enacted. The unified understanding of capital formation of this agr

19、eement, the introduction of risk assets ratio,with the risk weighting to classify assets and off-balance sheet businessproject, for the control of the bank credit expansion, introduced a concept of minimum capital adequacy ratio, alert Banks to strictly control the quality of credit assets.Portfolio

20、 management theory, is the foundation of modern credit risk management is indispensable content, it can measure the risks and benefits, using the method of statistical variance and expectations, the theory for the first time put forward the securities assets portfolio problems, this is the first tim

21、e in the related field, defines what is a rational investment behavior of investors, the maximum profit and minimum risk.Comprehensive risk management theory, founded in 1985 by the AICPA, institutions such as the United States audit agency (AAA), FEI, co-sponsored the establishment of the national

22、financial reporting fraud sex commission, comprehensive risk management is designed to identify potential crisis affecting organization, foot flat on the management, for the bank to create a reasonable risk environment, ensure the realization of organizational goals.3 The historical changes of comme

23、rcial bank credit risk management Commercial Banks, this financial institutions has a long history, andits in the financial system is also very important. After a long time of development, the domestic commercial Banks to keep its systemefficiency, the full development of the competition is extremel

24、y important.So, since 1864 to 1956, aiming at the problem of commercial Banks to operate across state lines, introduced a related laws and regulations and limits the behavior of the Banks, the period of the banking system is single and unique. So, both the number of domestic commercial Banks.The dev

25、elopment of the commercial bank risk management has experienced more than seven stages, but the change of the core content of the main experience of credit risk limit management, risk measurement and analysis, risk adjusted return on capital (BAROC) and active portfolio management (APM) phase. Quota

26、 management stage is the modern commercial bank credit risk management has just started. Generally defined risk loss, understanding of risk is negative, negative, and risk management to set the credit risk limits as the main content of the business, according to the limit, to complete the inspection

27、 of each business execution, based on the test results, judge the risk of development and business management, etc., based on this to find a way to effectively avoid risk. Risk measurement and analysis stage, the risk is defined as a quantifiable loss possibility (that is, the ideological basis of V

28、AR), risk management goal is to give a credit risk quantitative values, understanding of risk is still negative, credit risk management tasks include: accumulation of historical data and data collection analysis bank, adopt the modern risk measurement technology and when to model, stresstest, at the

29、 same time, quantitative estimates the risk of possible futurecredit business, ensure the scientific nature of the risk limits, control the risk. Risk-adjusted return on capital management stage, significant changes in risk management period, influenced by the ideas of the RAROC, Banks identify risk

30、 is no longer a simple think its equivalent to a loss, in the process of matching the risks to earnings, earnings and risk characteristics of closely linked, in seeking gains, the risk is surely. The ideal stage of risk Management is the implementation of Active Portfolio Management (Active Portfoli

31、o Management, APM).In APM management phase, the risk from loss to profit shift, it also can be used to get the corresponding returns. Risk managers think APM period, if there is no risk, the bank will not be able to reap the benefits.4 The main characteristics of commercial bank credit risk manageme

32、nt 4.1 Diversified strict regulation and market disciplineIn the United States, in view of the bank regulation, completed the construction of diversified supervision system, regulators are mainly domestic and international federal agencies and state regulation, etc. TheBasel think the core of the re

33、gulation for the minimum capitalrequirement, inspection supervision and market discipline. In the process of banking regulation, based on risk supervision mode and concept, that is to say, the risk management system has been completed to the bank supervision direction, at the same time, the improvem

34、ent of theimplementation of risk management system continuously, namely theelasticity of capital structure management, encouraging Banks to improve the risk management, allowing Banks to strictly abide by the principle of prudence in the business, according to the CAMELS system comprehensive evaluat

35、ion of commercial Banks.4.2 The steady operating principlesFor prudent management, the core of risk management, the realization of the goal, the need for service and proper risk control. In accounting process, should follow the principle of caution, that is to say, for the influence of uncertain fac

36、tors, be careful of the accounting judgment, do no rising of the assets and income, the expenses and debts not lower, expenses and losses for accurate estimate, uncertainty and risk in the business completely. For the p& l, its essence is to fully reflect expected events; there is potential loss, me

37、asure taken independent method of generally accepted accounting principles.4.3 Perfect social credit systemFor credit management, to build the perfect legal system in the United States, their credit evaluation institution is very authoritative. Provide consumers with credit evaluation of the credit

38、bureau for a total of three, mainly through the recordset investigate all consumer credit conditions, namely, personal information, credit history, income, and public records, and so on, based on this to provide service to the users.All citizens of the United States has the only social security numb

39、er, bankshall, in accordance with the credit bureau relevant regulations, giving credit scores to the customer, considerable consumer credit risk evaluation of customers, the lowest guarantee loan risk, and the highest interest rate. State, enterprises and institutions such as credit evaluation, mai

40、nly by moodys and fitch, the rating can be implemented including national, securities companies and listed companies, Banks, fund, etc. Main dun & bradstreet services for small and medium-sized enterprises.4.4 The developed loans in the secondary market and derivatives market risk managementFor stoc

41、k assets, its flow is completed, the implementation of the main use of securitization such products, including housing mortgage and asset securitization of two kinds of products. Amount more than $7 trillion by 2003, the two products, 2% of the domestic three bond amount. In 1938 and 1970, the Unite

42、d States has completed the construction of FANNIE MAE and FREDDIE MAC, so as to realize the secondary market, the housing mortgage loan. At present, the securitization of commercial Banks to complete their own institution building, use of securitization, housing mortgage loans (securities), by the i

43、nvestors to buy, is extremely advantageous to capital turnover, and minimize the risk. Take such a form, the systemic risk was transported, tools which are futures, swaps, options and swaps, and so on.译文商业银行信贷风险管理研究 Mishra U摘要商业银行在一国经济和社会发展中居于举足轻重的地位，关系着 国民经济的命脉和经济安全。商业银行信贷风险管理是风险管理体系 中的一部分，并且是最为重要的

44、一部分，其中主要包括市场、操作、 信贷、客户及国别等各类风险。本文在对商业银行信贷风险管理进行 一般分析和梳理相关理论的基础上，重点分析了商业银行信贷风险管 理历史变革与重要特点、风险成因与风险识别，以及风险管理的缓释 方式、计量与评估、内控机制。 关键词：商业银行，信贷风险，战略管理1 引言当今社会各经济体已经通过银行这类中介体，形成紧密而相互依 存的关系，银行与银行间也已成为共生的信用网络生态系统。一旦某 家银行出现问题，银行与各类经济体之间、银行与银行间的支付链条 就会断裂，从而产生债务的连锁反映。由于商业银行具有信用创造功 能，其引发的信贷风险会以放大倍数的多米诺骨牌效应，加速对金融

45、体系的冲击，正常的社会支付机制就会堵塞甚至中断，并迅速传染到 其他社会经济主体，导致金融危机乃至经济危机，引发更大范围的经 济与社会动荡。形成信贷风险的原因复杂而多样，既有任何一个经济 社会共有的一般性根源，又有政府对银行的制度性安排与银行的特殊性；既有政治因素，更有经济周期波动的因素，还有自然灾害甚至贷款欺诈等道德与法律因素。 2 文献综述从上世纪中期起，现代微观金融方法日益发展，在其蓬勃发展的 基础上诞生了信贷风险管理理论。作为该理论发展的沃土，西方商业 银行凭借其 300 多年的成长史构建了一个相对成熟的发展平台，从 理论和制度安排上都为信贷风险管理保驾护航。相关理论研究最具代 表性的有

46、：英国著名经济学家亚当斯密的资产管理理论，紧随其后 的是上世纪中叶的负债风险管理理论，在此之后十年又出现了资产负 债综合管理理论，直至上世纪八十年代，该理论已初具规模，这得益 于金融工程学和巴塞尔体系的建立，同时期的资产负债表外管理与风 险资产管理理论也是理论体系的重要的构成成员之一。值得注意的 是，信息经济学和计量经济学在上世纪后半叶迅猛发展，掀起一股信 贷风险管理理论升级的新浪潮，这两种经济学被广泛应用到风险管理 当中，开启了该理论研究的新纪元，理论体系日臻完善，形成分支庞 大的系统，系统内理论分支有：资产管理理论： 20 世纪 60 年代以前，西方商业银行主要重视 对资产的管理。现金、贷

47、款、证券资产是目前资产管理的主要管理对 象，管理内容大致分为流动性、贷款、投资三大板块，目标是以最低 的经营风险获得最大的利益。负债管理理论：该理论立足于负债的模糊界定，银行在负债问题 上可以给出多种解释。负债管理分为两类，一种是以短期借入款项来弥补提取的存款，由银行通过积极的竞争去争取各类存款；另一种是以借入款来应付增加的借款要求，通过向欧洲美元市场、联邦资金等 借款来扩大负债。负债管理的目的在于通过扩大负债来加获取利润的 可能性。资产负债综合管理理论：该理论放眼于全面，从整体上管理银行 的资产和负债风险，管理方式灵活多变，能随经营环境变化做出相应 的政策调整，在利率、期限、风险和流动性等方

48、面合理搭配，对多种 资产和负债进行有机组合，保证银行的盈利和资产的安全、流动。该 类管理的目标是实现银行在既定风险限制条件下的利润最大化和长 期稳健发展，而利率风险管理只是其实现目标的一种手段，管理的主 要内容包括利差管理、非利息支出等，也包括资金流动监管，贷款质 量把关等工作。风险资产管理理论：该理论起源于 1988 年 7 月巴塞尔协议 (Basel Accord)的颁布实施。该协议统一了对资本构成的认识，引入风 险资产比率，用风险权数来将资产以及表外业务项目进行分类，为控 制银行的信用膨胀，引入最低资本充足比率概念，警醒银行对信贷资 产质量的严格把关。资产组合管理理论，是现代信贷风险管理不可或缺的基础内容， 它能够计量风险和收益，利用的方法是统计学中的方差和期望值，该 理论第一次提出了证券资产投资组合问题，这是在相关领域的首次试 水，定义了什么是投资者的理性投资行为，即收益最大化和风险最小 化。全