美国现代景观建筑学发展的回顾与思索设计相关外文文献翻译.doc

1、本科毕业设计外文文献及译文 文献题目：Reviewing the Development of Modern Landscape Architecture in America 文献来源：期刊文献发表日期：2008.10.25 中文译文：美国现代景观建筑学发展的回顾与思索 1引言新世纪到底来了，世纪之交，百年替换乃至千年替换其实都在一瞬间，在这一瞬之后，美国现代景观建筑学专业也走过了一个不平凡的世纪。在逝去的百余年里，美国现代景观建筑学的产生与发展引导了现代景观建筑学的走向，并且几乎涵盖了所有的探索。因此我们希望通过对其的回顾和思考，能有所启示和借鉴。 2拓展工业革命给社会带来的变革巨大而深远

2、，到了19世纪，被称为美国景观建筑学之父的F. L. Olmsted和英国建筑师Vaux设计的纽约中央公园(1858年)的建造，标志着普通人生活景观的到来。以此为起点，景观建筑学从此走上独立的道路，并随着美国社会的现代和民主进程，逐渐从传统的极少选择范围的专业变成为几乎涉及人类生活世界所有尺度的学科；在短短扎一个多世纪中，人类的景观体验在几个维度上大大拓展了。2.1专业实践领域的拓展以一系列作为和理想象征的城市公园(1865年费城的费蒙公园、1870年旧金山的金山公园、1871年芝加哥的城南公园等)而开始的现代景观建筑实践，在奥姆斯特德等先驱的倡导下，坚持从城市和国土的整体角度出发，使现代景观

3、建筑学的专业实践范畴一开始便定位；包括城市公园和绿地系统、城乡景观道路系统、居住区、校园、地产开发和国家公园的规划设计管理的广阔领域中。随着社会的发展和人类对自然认识的不断扩大，景观建筑学的实践领域进一步扩展到整个人居环境中。现代视野中景观建筑学逐渐明确的是实践范畴的全然改变，当然传统的小尺度的私人花园和园林设计仍然继续，而诸如大地生态规划、区域景观保护与规划、国土景观资源的调查评价与保护管理这些专业实践使景观建筑学在更为广泛的层面和更为公共的尺度上操作。时至今日，作为人类社会遥渐远离自然的环境回答，景观建筑学绝不再是建筑庭院的放大版本，而是一个实践主题几乎涵盖人与自然环境关系的万方面面的实践

4、学科，其理论方法与社会责任也随之拓展和改变了。2.2服务对象和专业实践者的拓展美国现代景观建筑从中央公园起，就已不再是少数人所赏玩的奢侈品，而是普通公众身心再生的空间。景观走入普通人的生活，满足普通人的渴求，应当说这是现代社会与民主的给予。现代景观建筑的社会化使得现代景观建筑学有了实实在在的生活根基，有了持续不断的生机与活力。而随着人类工业化与城市化的进程使得自然生态环境日益恶化，人类自身的生存和延续也受到威胁。在当代社会给予环境问题以突出地位的视点下，现代景观建筑学不再局限于某一群人为服务对象，而是将人类视作一个与其他物种相依存的、本身有着多种文化存在的自然系统中的一分子，现代景观建筑学的视

5、野拓展到了整个人类文化圈与自然生物圈的相互作用与持续发展上。 专业实践领域的宽泛使景观建筑师所需的专业知识越来越呈现全面与综合的特点。今天，许多景观建筑师都会因为景观建筑实践所需的广泛知识而感到有些困窘。与之相应的是，有着各种不同专业背景的人参与到景观建筑实践中来，这其中既有传统的园艺师，也有建筑师、城市规划师、植物学者、地理学者、环境艺术家乃至画家和雕塑家。他们以各自独特的学识与专业优势使得现代景观建筑呈现出丰富的多元景象，多种专业的探索使现代景观建筑学在科学与艺术两个方面不断深入，拓展了景观建筑设计的经验与方法。2.3设计元素和设计手法的拓展作为一个被应用于多种用途的实践专业，现代景观设计

6、调色板上的素材也扩展到了传统园林设计无法想像的境地。植物不再是景观设计中占统治地位的主导元素，而只是一种可供选择的景观材料，土地、岩石、水、混凝土、砖、木头、瓦、钢、塑料和玻璃等许许多多自然和人工素材在现代景观设计中得以运用，甚至当地五金商店中的镀金青蛙也作为构成元素出现在现代景观作品中。在小尺度的先锋派城市园林设计中，几乎没有自然材料的景观空间极大地挑战了传统景观定义的局限。 与景观设计材料的丰富相辉映的是现代景观设计手法的多样，从大尺度景观规划设计中的SAD(调查-分析-设计)、高速公路规划和自然保护规划项目中的千层饼模式和斑块-廊道-基质模式到现代园林庭院中的极简主义设计，众多理性的、功

7、能主义的、生态主义的和环境艺术的设计手法超越了传统的规则式与自然式设计手法的论争，适应了多种范畴和尺度的景观设计实践，满足了不同的设计需求，创造了各异的景观形象。 3流变正如景观是一个活生生的、生长变化的有机体一样，现代景观建筑在过去的一个多世纪里同样随着美国社会的发展而变化着，反映着特定时刻的社会现实。3.1自然主义的开端与风格的摇摆美国广阔的国土、多变的自然地貌使其景观设计有着几乎天生的自然主义追求，奥姆斯特德及其追随者在一系列城市公园系统的规划设计中就倡导自然主义，反对追求庄严和清晰结构的古典主义。公园优美的自然式景观与当时大城市恶劣的环境形成了鲜明的对比，满足了回归自然的社会需求。然而

8、，之后的美国景观建筑经过浮华虚饰的The Late Victorian Eclectic Landscape、城市美化运动和古典主义复兴的新古典主义等潮流变换，在数十年的风格摇摆中并没有走出与现代社会相适应的自己的道路。3.2现代主义二次大战前后，在现代艺术和现代建筑理论和作品的影响下，美国的现代主义景观建筑在所谓的哈佛革命之后逐渐形成。现代主义对景观建筑学最积极的贡献并不在于新材料的运用，而是认为功能应当是设计的起点这一理念，现代景观建筑从而摆脱了某种美丽的图案或风景画式的先验主义，得以与场地和时代的现实状况相适应，赋予了景观建筑适用的理性和更大的创作自由。正如哈佛革命James Rose所

9、说的：我们不能生活在画中，而作为一组画来设计的景观掠夺了我们活生生的生活区域的使用机会。他最为关心的是空间的利用而不是规划中的图案或所谓的风景秩序。而加州学派的领导人Thomas Church的作品中真正鼓舞人心的也不是构成的秩序，而是自由的设计语言以及有设计本身、场地和雇主要求之间的精妙平衡。另一位现代景观设计大师 Garrett Eckbo 则更为强调景观设计中的社会尺度，强调景观建筑在公共生活中的作用。在他看来如果设计只考虑美观，就是缺乏内在的社会合理性的奢侈品。而作品最具几何秩序感的Dan Kiley 同样认为设计是生活本身的映射，对功能的追求才会产生真正的艺术。最能象征这一时期景观设

10、计理念和环境关怀的景观建筑师是Lawrence Halprin，他的作品体现了现代主义景观建筑学进展的各个方面，包括设计的社会作用、对适应自然系统的强调，以及功能和过程对形式产生的重要性等等。他的一系列以自然作为戏剧化景观场所规划灵感来源的城市公共景观设计，不仅是优美的城市风景而且更是人们游憩的场所，从而成为城市中人性化的开放空间。20世纪60年代起，社会民主所带来的公众参与决策制度促进了美国社会方方面面的变革，景观建筑设计也同样如此，而哈普林正是这一变革的直接拥护者和倡导者，正是哈普林使他的公司的设计程序适应了新的社会现实，通过讨论会和信息反馈等方式实现的公众参与设计使社会意愿得以在景观设计

11、中体现出来。现代主义景观建筑设计通过对社会因素和功能的进一步强调，走上了与社会现实相同步的道路。3.3生态伦理70年代始，生态环境问题日益受到关注，宾夕法尼亚大学景观建筑学教授Lan McHarg提出了将景观作为一个包括地质、地形、水文、土地利用、植物、野生动物和气候等决定性要素相互联系的整体来看待的观点。强调了景观规划应该遵从自然固有的价值和自然过程，完善了以因子分层分析和地图叠加技术为核心的生态主义规划方法，麦克哈格称之为千层饼模式。其理论与方法赋予了景观建筑学以某种程度上的科学性质，景观规划成为可以经历种种客观分析和归纳的，有着清晰界定的学科。麦克哈格的研究范畴集中于大尺度的景观与环境规

12、划上，但对于任何尺度的景观建筑实践而言，这都意味着一个重要的信息那就是景观除了是一个美学系统以外还是一个生态系统，与那些只是艺术化的布置植物和地形的设计方法相比，更为周详的设计思想是环境伦理的观念。虽然在多元化的景观建筑实践探索中，其自然决定论的观念只是一种假设而己，但是当环境处于脆弱的临界状态的时候，麦克哈格及宾州学派的出现最重要的意义是促进了作为景观建筑学意识形态基础的职业工作准绳的新生，其广阔的信息为景观设计者思维的潜在结构打下了不可磨灭的印记。对于现代主义景观建筑师而言，生态伦理的观念告诉他们，除了人与人的社会联系之外，所有的人都天生地与地球的生态系统紧紧相联着。3.4后现代主义与景观

13、艺术探索当大尺度的景观规划转向理性的生态方法的同时，小尺度的景观建筑设计受到60年代以来的环境艺术的影晌以及后现代主义的激励，对艺术与景观的联系问题做了大量新的探索。新一代景观建筑师Peter Walker综合了极简主义、古典主义和现代主义创造了独特的极简主义景观。在其充满神秘感的景观设计作品中，沃克运用简单的形体、重复、几何化的结构将自然材料以一种脱离这些材料原初的自然结构的万式集合在一起，带来了一种新结构中产生新意味的视觉综合体验。大自然谜一般的特征，人类与自然的联系被一种有着神秘氛围的艺术景象隐喻了出来，景观建筑在功能和美观的基础上被赋予了意味深长的艺术气质。而Martha Schwar

14、tz景观设计作品则否定其材料的真实性，以戏谑代替了严肃复杂代替了简单，现代主义景观中的呆板与理性被设计者抛却了。设计者以艺术的构思与形式表达了对景观新的理解：景观是一个人造或人工修饰的空间的集合，它是公共生活的基础和背景，是与生活相关的艺术品。后现代主义者以近乎怪诞的新颖材料和交错混杂的构成体系反映了后现代美国社会复杂和矛盾的社会现实，以多样的形象体现了社会价值的多源，表达了在这个复杂的社会中给予弱势群体言说权力的后现代主义的社会理想。在表现风格上，这些活跃的实验与19世纪的新古典主义景观建筑有着相似之处，同样为视觉艺术所启发，同样强调几何圆形的运用而不是所谓的自然主义风格。但在这里，个人的想

15、像力综合了现代主义完善的功能关怀，艺术的思索将现代景观中的社会要素视为创作的机会而不是制约，艺术在创造独特的景观环境上的作用重新确立和深化了，但此时的艺术是设计的激励，而不是先验的形式主宰。4结语经过一个世纪在艺术和科学两个方面的延伸与发展，美国现代景观建筑学以其具有自身特征的社会性和生态性的尺度与传统园林划出了分水岭，在不断的拓展与变化中已经成为个多元多价值观的实践专业。然而，作为人类感知自然的媒介，景观建筑学的三个潜在关怀-美学、环境和社会，在美国现代景观建筑学的发展中并没有随着时间的流逝而淡化，相反，强调景观中人与自然的和谐，强调景观中社会公平的体现，强调景观中对人的精神愉悦的诉求越来越

16、清晰地成为构成其价值体系的基石。从小尺度的庭院和街区花园到巨大尺度的国家公园，其实践中所关怀的价值也许侧重不同，但每一个优秀的设计都是以上三个价值方面的平衡与综合，而不仅仅是图案化的形式或者功能的简单满足。今天，随着我国经济的发展，我们的城市建设和景观设计与实践进入了一个高速发展时期，然而主管部门对综合的景观建筑学教育的漠视与杂乱而分立的景观建筑实践使我们在万花筒般的现实面前，无法确定我们是什么人或我们应该如何称呼我们自己，园林师、景观建筑师还是环境设计师？不断出现的浅薄形式化的、缺乏对人与环境真实关怀的武断的景观设计，深深反映出我国景观建筑学价值关怀的贫乏与苍白，在我们的景观建筑学依然充满困

17、惑与混沌的时候，美国现代景观建筑学创始人之一的奥姆斯特德及许多美国现代景观建筑先驱所坚持的主旨-创造可持续的、为人生活的和公正的景观，并给予这一清晰的理念以想像的形式，也许能给予我们许多激励与启示。这一主旨是美国现代景观建筑学一个世纪的追求，也许会同样伴随着我们走入现代景观建筑学的下一个世纪。外文文献：Reviewing the Development of Modern Landscape Architecture in America 1 Introduction The new century came in the end, turn of the century, a century

18、 or even millennium replace actually replaced in a flash, in this moment, the United States Modern Landscape Architecture profession has gone through an extraordinary century.In the passing away of hundred years, the United States the emergence of modern landscape architecture and development to gui

19、de the direction of modern landscape architecture, and covers almost all of the exploration.Therefore, we hope that through their review and thinking, can and enlightenment. 2 Development Industrial revolution has brought about tremendous and far-reaching changes to the 19th century, known as the fa

20、ther of American landscape architecture of the FL Olmsted and Vaux designed by British architect, New Yorks Central Park (1858) the construction, marking the ordinaryliving landscape to come.As a starting point, the landscape architecture from the path of independence, and with modern American socie

21、ty and the democratic process, moving from a very small selection of traditional professional into the world of human life for almost all the scales involved in the subject; in the shortshort bar for more than a century, the landscape of human experience in several dimensions greatly expanded.2.1 Th

22、e expansion of the field of professional practice And ideal as a symbol of a series of city parks (1865 Thurmond Philadelphia Park, Jinshan Park, 1870 San Francisco, Chicago, 1871 South Park, etc.) and the beginning of modern landscape architecture practice, such as a pioneer in the Olmsteadinitiati

23、ve, adhere to the whole land from the city and the perspective of the modern landscape architecture professional practice areas of the start location; including urban parks and green space systems, urban and rural landscape road system, residential areas, schools, real estate development and nationa

24、l parksplanning and design management in the broad field.With the social development and understanding of human nature continues to expand, the practice of landscape architecture and further extend to the entire field of human settlements conditions.Modern Landscape Architecture in Perspective incre

25、asingly clear that completely changed the concept of practice, of course, the traditional small-scale private gardens and garden design continue, and ecology, such as land planning, landscape protection and planning, investigation and assessment of land resources and landscape protectionmanagement o

26、f these professional practice to make the landscape architecture in a more general level and more public scale operation.Today, as a human society gradually away from the natural environment to answer, landscape architecture, construction yard will no longer be enlarged version, but a practical subj

27、ect, covering almost 10,000 people and the natural environment aspects of the relationship between the practice of subject area, itstheoretical methods and social responsibility also will expand and change.2.2 clients and professional practitioners to expand American Modern Landscape Architecture fr

28、om the Central Park, the already small number of people is no longer a luxury for admiration, but the general public space for physical and mental regeneration.Landscape into the lives of ordinary people, to meet the aspirations of ordinary people, it should be said that it was given to modern socie

29、ty and democracy.Modern landscape architecture enables modern landscape architecture, social life with real roots, with continuous vitality and dynamism.With human beings the process of industrialization and urbanization make the deteriorating natural environment, the survival and continuation of hu

30、man beings also under threat.To environmental issues in contemporary society to highlight the status of the point of view, the modern landscape architecture services is no longer limited to a group of man-made object, but as a human interdependence with other species with itself has a multi-cultural

31、 existence of natural systemsin part, to expand the vision of modern landscape architecture to the cultural circle of the entire human interaction with the natural biosphere and sustainable development. Broad areas of professional practice to make the necessary professional knowledge landscape archi

32、tects increasingly present a comprehensive and integrated features.Today, many landscape architects will be required for landscape architecture practice, extensive knowledge and feel a bit embarrassed.Correspondingly, with a variety of different professional backgrounds to participate in the practic

33、e of landscape architecture to, of which both traditional gardener, there are architects, urban planners, botanists, geographers, environmental and even painters and artistssculptor.They have their own unique knowledge and the professional advantages of modern landscape architecture makes the richne

34、ss of the multi-scene, to explore a variety of professional landscape architecture in modern science and art both in deepening and expand the experience of landscape architectural design and methods.2.3 design elements and design practices to expand Was used as a multi-purpose practice professional,

35、 modern landscape design palette of material also extends to traditional landscape design can not imagine the situation.Landscape Design Plant is no longer the dominant element of the dominant, but rather an alternative landscape materials, land, rocks, water, concrete, bricks, wood, tile, steel, pl

36、astic and glass and many naturalartificial material in the modern landscape design can be used, even the local hardware store in a form element plated frog also appears in the modern landscape works.Avant-garde in the small-scale urban garden design, almost no natural landscape materials greatly cha

37、llenges the traditional definition of the limitations of the landscape. Landscape design materials with rich phase reflect the diversity of modern landscape design practices, from large-scale landscape planning and design of the SAD (Survey - Analysis - Design), highway planning and conservation pla

38、nning projects in the Qian Cengbing modeand patch - corridor - matrix model to the modern minimalist garden courtyard design, many rational functionalism, ecology, and art design techniques and the environment beyond the traditional rules of style and design techniques of naturalThe debate, the scop

39、e and scale to adapt to a variety of landscape design practice, to meet different design requirements, and created a different landscape image. 3 Evolution As the landscape is a living, changing organism, like the growth of the modern landscape architecture in the past more than a century as the dev

40、elopment of American society as changing, reflecting the social reality of a particular time.3.1 naturalistic style swing beginning with The vast territory the United States, changing the natural landscape to landscape design has almost natural pursuit of naturalism, Olmsted and his followers in a c

41、ity park system planning and design to promote naturalism, against the pursuit of dignity andclear structure of classicism.Park-style attractions and beautiful natural environment was poor cities in stark contrast to a return to nature to meet the needs of society.However, after the U.S. landscape a

42、rchitecture through the flashy veneer of The Late Victorian Eclectic Landscape, City Beautiful Movement and the revival of classical neo-classical trends and so transform the style of decades and did not get out swinging in the modern society to adapttheir own way.3.2 Modernism Before and after Worl

43、d War II, modern art and modern architecture in theory and works under the influence of American modernist landscape architecture in the so-called Harvard Revolution after forming.Modernist landscape architecture is not the most positive contribution to the use of new materials, but that function sh

44、ould be the starting point of this concept design, modern landscape architecture and thus out of a beautiful design or landscape type Transcendentalism, to the venue and the reality of the times fit, given the rational application of landscape architecture and greater creative freedom.As Harvard Rev

45、olution James Rose said: We can not live in the painting, but as a group to design the landscape paintings of our daily lives plundering the regions use of the opportunity.He is most concerned about the use of space, rather than planning the landscape design or so-called order. The leaders of Thomas

46、 Church, California school works is not really encouraging the order form, but free design language as well asdesign itself, the venues and the delicate balance between employer requirements. Another master Garrett Eckbo Modern Landscape Design Landscape design is more emphasis on the social scale,

47、emphasizing landscape architectures role in public life. In his view, If the designonly consider beautiful, is the lack of inherent rationality of the luxury community. geometric sense of order most of his works of Dan Kiley also that the mapping design is life itself, the pursuit of the function wi

48、ll produce real art. the best symbol of thisa period of landscape design and environmental care for the landscape architect is Lawrence Halprin, his work reflects the progress of modernism in all aspects of landscape architecture, including the design of the social role of natural systems to adapt to stress, as well as function and process of the formits importance and so on. Hes a natural place as a dramatic landscape inspired urban planning of public landscape design, urban landscape is not only beautiful but also re